Skip to main content
Log in

Self-Sustaining Practices of Successful Social Change Agents: A Retreats Framework for Supporting Transformational Change

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Humanistic Management Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We advance a framework of three types of “retreats” – reflective, relational, and inspirational – that social change agents can use to sustain themselves through challenges inherent in their work. Retreats are defined as intentionally crafted spaces that provide opportunities for reflective practices, relational presence, and inspirational resources. The retreats framework is based on the experiences of a set of successful social entrepreneurs who have played a prominent role in establishing new organizations at the intersection of business in society. We bridge ideas of humanistic management, integral practice, and positive organizational scholarship to identify and detail the personal practices that enable social change agents to fortify themselves as they work toward establishing new institutions and successfully implementing impactful work over time. Findings from this study suggest that the ability for social change agents to sustain themselves is facilitated through the cultivation of retreats that enable these individuals to persevere through adversity in organizational settings, build resilience, advance personal well-being, contribute to humanity’s welfare, and achieve success in their transformational endeavors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amann, W., M. Pirson, C. Dierksmeier, E. Von Kimakowitz, and H. Spitzeck. 2011. Business schools under fire: Humanistic management education as the way forward. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ayala, J.C., and G. Manzano. 2014. The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology 42: 126–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bargsted, M., M. Picon, A. Salazar, and Y. Rojas. 2013. Psychosocial characterization of social entrepreneurs: A comparative study. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 4 (3): 331–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R.A. 2004. The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s basic “why” questions. Journal of Business Venturing 19: 221–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R.A. 2007. Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship: entrepreneurs as the active element in new venture creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1: 167–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, J.R., M. Frese, R.A. Baron, and J.A. Katz. 2007. Entrepreneurship as an area of psychology study: An introduction. In The Psychology of Entrepreneurship, eds. J.R. Baum, M. Frese and R.A. Baron, 1–18. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

  • Bradbury, H. 2000. On the plural attentions necessary for catalyzing and implementing sustainable development. Reflections 1 (4): 13–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breabout, G. 2013. The character of the manager: From office executive to wise steward. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, A., and M. Renko. 2013. Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times. Business Horizons 56 (3): 343–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calvo, J.C.A., and G.M. García. 2010. Established business owners success: Influencing factors. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE) 15 (03): 263–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, K.S., D. Bright, and A. Caza. 2004. Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist 47 (6): 766–790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinchilla, A., and M. Garcia. 2017. Social entrepreneurship intention: Mindfulness towards a duality of objectives. Humanistic Management Journal 1–10, first online, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41463-016-0013-3.

  • Clifton, D., and J. Harter. 2003. Investing in strengths. In Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline, ed. K. Cameron, J.E. Dutton, and R. Quinn, 14–27. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crilly, D., S. Schneider, and M. Zollo. 2008. Psychological antecedents to socially responsible behavior. European Management Review 5: 175–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 1991. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dees, G. 1998. The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Duke University, posted at: https://entrepreneurship.duke.edu/news-item/the-meaning-of-social-entrepreneurship/. revised 2001.

  • Dutton, J. E. 2003. Breathing life into organizational studies. Journal of Management Inquiry 12 (1), 5–19.

  • Dutton, J.E., and E. Heaphy. 2003. The power of high-quality connections. In Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline vol. 3, eds. K. Cameron, J. Dutton, & R. Quinn, 263–278. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler

  • Dutton, J.E., and S. Sonenshein. 2009. Positive organizational scholarship. In Encyclopedia of positive psychology, ed. S. Lopez. London: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, J. E., M. A., Glynn, and G. Spreitzer. 2008. Positive organizational scholarship. The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior 1: 693–712.

  • Eisenberger, R. 1992. Learned industriousness. Psychological Review 99 (2): 248–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, C., and S. Sonnentag 2005. Recovery, health, and job performance: effects of weekend experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 10 (3), 187.

  • Fritz, C., C.F. Lam, and G.M. Spreitzer. 2011. It's the little things that matter: An examination of knowledge workers' energy management. The Academy of Management Perspectives 25 (3): 28–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Germak, A.J., and J.A. Robinson. 2014. Exploring the motivation of nascent social entrepreneurs. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 5 (1): 5–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden-Biddle, K., and J. E. Dutton, eds. 2012. Using a positive lens to explore social change and organizations: Building a theoretical and research foundation. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.

  • Goldman Schuyler, K. 2010. Increasing leadership integrity through mind training and embodied learning. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 62 (1): 21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D., R. Boyatzis, and A. McKee. 2002. Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, M.L.A., W.R. Rorster, S.D. Sarasvathy, and B.L. Fredrickson. 2010. Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again. Journal of Business Venturing 25 (6): 569–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskisson, R.E., J. Covin, H.W. Volberda, and R.A. Johnson. 2011. Revitalizing entrepreneurship: The search for new research opportunities. Journal of Management Studies 48 (6): 1142–1168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, S., M. Messner, and A. Becker. 2009. Reflection and mindfulness in organizations: Rationales and possibilities for integration. Management Learning 40 (4): 465–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. 1995. Wherever you go there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. 2002. Meditation is about paying attention. Reflections 3 (3): 68–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. 2005. Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. New York: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, W. 2004. Facilitating and undermining organizational change: A case study. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 40 (1): 7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, D.D., A. Newman, and F. Luthans. 2016. Not if, but when we need resilience in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior 37: 782–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E.J. 2014. Mindfulness. Boston: Da Capo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, G., and M. Murphy. 1995. The life we are given: A long-term program for realizing the potential of body, mind, heart and soul. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher (Putnam).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, B. 2009. Eight leverage points for sustainability entrepreneuring. Working paper presented at the Satter Conference for Social Entrepreneurship, New York University, November, 2009.

  • Lloyd, M. 2006. Resilience promotion: Its role in clinical medicine. Australian Family Physician 35 (1/2): 63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, F. 2003. The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23: 695–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markman, G.D., R.A. Baron, and D.B. Balkin. 2006. Are perseverance and self-efficacy costless? Assessing entrepreneurs’ regretful thinking. Journal of Organizational Behavior 26: 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R., and S. Osberg. 2007. Social entrepreneurship: the case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review 5(20): 28–39.

  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Leiter, M.P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 3rd ed. Mountain View: CPP, Inc.

  • Melé, D. 2003. The challenge of humanistic management. Journal of Business Ethics 44 (1): 77–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melé, D. 2016. Understanding humanistic management. Humanistic Management Journal 1 (1): 33–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pache, A.C., and I. Chowdhury. 2012. Social entrepreneurs as institutionally embedded entrepreneurs: Toward a new model of social entrepreneurship education. Academy of Management Learning & Education 11 (3): 494–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. 2010. Building sustainable organizations: The human factor. The Academy of Management Perspectives 24 (1): 34–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M. 2009. Social entrepreneurship: A blueprint for humane organizations? In Humanism in Business, ed. H. Spitzeck, M. Pirson, W. Amann, S. Khan, and E. von Kimakowitz, 248–259. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M. 2015. Conceptualizing Humanistic Management: Introduction to special issue. Human Systems Management 1 (2015): 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M. 2017. Humanistic Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M., and P. Lawrence. 2010. Humanism in business – towards a paradigm shift? Journal of Business Ethics 93 (4): 553–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raelin, J.A. 2001. Public reflection as the basis of learning. Management Learning 32 (1): 11–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahim, H.L., and S. Mohtar. 2015. Social entrepreneurship: A different perspective. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology 1 (1): 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L.M. 2006. Shifting the lens on organizational life: The added value of positive scholarship. Academy of Management Review 31 (2): 292–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D., and C. Woods. 2005. Changing the world on a shoestring: The concept of social entrepreneurship. University of Auckland Business Review 7 (1): 45–51.

  • Rocha, H., and R. Miles. 2009. A model of collaborative entrepreneurship for a more humanistic management. Journal of Business Ethics 88 (3): 445–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S.C., M. Zollo, and R. Manocha. 2010. Developing socially responsible behaviour in managers. Journal of Corporate Citizenship 39: 21–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shambaugh, R. 2010. The secrets of resilient leaders. Leader to Leader 2010 (58): 39–44.

  • Shamir, B., and G. Eilam. 2005. “What’s your story?” A life-stories approach to authentic leadership development. The Leadership Quarterly 16: 395–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonenshein, S., and J.E. Dutton. 2009. Being a sustainable environmentalist: a model of identity doubts and restoration. Working paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Conference, Chicago, August, 2009.

  • Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., and E. J. Mojza, 2008. Did you have a nice evening? A day-level study on recovery experiences, sleep, and affect. Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (3): 674.

  • Spreitzer, G.M., and S. Sonenshein. 2004. Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American Behavioral Scientist 47 (6): 828–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, G.M., K. Sutcliffe, J.E. Dutton, S. Sonenshein, and A.M. Grant. 2005. A socially embedded model of thriving at work. Organization Science 16 (5): 537–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steckler, E. & Bartunek, J. (2012). Revealing themes: Applying a positive lens to the chapters on change agency. Using a Positive Lens to Explore Social Change and Organizations: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation, 113–223. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.

  • Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 1998. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan Mort, G., J. Weerawardena, and K. Carnegie. 2003. Social entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualisation. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 8 (1): 76–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe, K.M., and T.J. Vogus. 2003. Organizing for resilience. In Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline, ed. K. Cameron, J.E. Dutton, and R. Quinn, 94–110. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe, K.M., T.J. Vogus, and E. Dane. 2016. Mindfulness in organizations: A cross-level review. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 3: 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trougakos, J.P., and I. Hideg. 2009. Momentary work recovery: The role of within-day work breaks. In Current perspectives on job-stress recovery, eds. S. Sonnentag, P. L. Perrewé, & D. C. Ganster, 37–84. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

  • Trougakos, J.P., D.J. Beal, S.G. Green, and H.M. Weiss. 2008. Making the break count: An episodic examination of recovery activities, emotional experiences, and positive affective displays. Academy of Management Journal 51 (1): 131–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, K., T. Patten, A. Leonard, and M. Morelli. 2008. Integral life practice: A 21 st century blueprint for physical health, emotional balance, mental clarity and spiritual awakening. Boston: Integral Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y., D. Rooney, and N. Phillips. 2016. Practice-Based wisdom theory for integrating institutional logics: A new model for social entrepreneurship learning and education. Academy of Management Learning & Education 15 (3): 607–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erica L. Steckler.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Appendix

Appendix

Exhibit 1

Table 2 General description of respondents in the study

Exhibit 2

Table 3 Interview protocol

Exhibit 3

Table 4 Categories and subtypes of personal sustainability retreats

Exhibit 4

Table 5 A Personal sustainability framework

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Steckler, E.L., Waddock, S. Self-Sustaining Practices of Successful Social Change Agents: A Retreats Framework for Supporting Transformational Change. Humanist Manag J 2, 171–198 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41463-017-0031-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41463-017-0031-9

Keywords

Navigation