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Two-phase evaporative battery thermal management technology for EVs/HEVs

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Abstract

Electric vehicle’s motor draws power from battery to meet its power demand in different road profiles. Battery high discharged currents are causes of warming battery’s cells. The temperature of 40 ºC and above reduces battery life span. The rationale of fuzzy controlled evaporative battery thermal management system (EC-BThMS) development from this study is to control the battery temperature in the range of 20 ~ 40 ºC both in charging/discharging modes. The proposed system has been developed with estimating the total cooling loads and thermal behavior of the battery cells. A fuzzy controlling system has been introduced with the EC-BThMS to control the electro-compressor and the expansion valve based on the response of battery temperature sensors.A battery pack of 8.6 kWh equipped EV has been operated with 60 km/h on 0 % gradient and 40 km/h on 5 % gradient in IIUM campus while 130 km/h on 0 % gradient and 50 km/h on 3.67 % gradient in Malaysia International Formula circuit to study the battery temperature profile and percentage of battery power saving. Comparison has been made on the performance of EC-BThMS with air cooling battery thermal management system (AC-BThMS) by using same vehicle. Result shows that EC-BThMS can save energy 17.69 % more than AC-BThM 1 and 23 % more than AC-BThM 2.

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Abbreviations

A s :

surface area of the battery module, m2

A f :

frontal area of the car, m2

c p :

specific heat capacity of battery module

C p.ref :

specific heat capacity of refrigerant

C D :

coefficient of aerodynamic resistance

g :

acceleration due to gravity, m/s2

h :

enthalpy, J/kg·K

I b(d) :

battery discharge current, amp

m :

mass of the vehicle, kg

m ref :

mass flow rate of refrigerant, kg/s

P t(p) :

pneumatic pressure of the tire, kPa

ρ :

density of the battery module material, kg/m3

q rate :

heat rate generated, Joule

R :

internal resistance of the battery module, ohm

T bat :

battery temperature, oC

T inandT out :

inlet and outlet temperature of the evaporator,oC

T α :

ambient temperature, oC

v :

travelling speed of the vehicle, m/s

V m(vol) :

motor rating voltage, volts

V :

volume of the module, m3

v g :

specific heat of vapor

v f :

specific heat of liquid

x :

mixture proportion, %

μ r :

adhesion coefficient of the road

k evandU ev :

constant and opening restriction of expansion valve

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 50728, KL, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Rahman Ataur, Mohammed Nurul Amin Hawlader & Helmi Khalid

Authors
  1. Rahman Ataur
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  2. Mohammed Nurul Amin Hawlader
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  3. Helmi Khalid
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Correspondence to Rahman Ataur.

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Ataur, R., Hawlader, M.N.A. & Khalid, H. Two-phase evaporative battery thermal management technology for EVs/HEVs. Int.J Automot. Technol. 18, 875–882 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-017-0085-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-017-0085-6

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