Abstract
Knowledge of seed-bank dynamics and seedling recruitment is crucial for effective in situ conservation of endangered species. Herein, we studied Tephroseris longifolia subsp. moravica in five of nine existing population sites to determine its spatio-temporal regeneration patterns. Our main aims were: (i) to confirm the existence of a soil seed bank and to determine its type and density, (ii) to assess the rate of natural seedling recruitment and the factors affecting seed germination and seedling survival, and (iii) to assess the potential of artificial disturbance regimes to enhance natural seedling recruitment. We used a series of experiments based on long-term seed burial, seedling emergence, germination and seedling establishment in permanent plots and artificial disturbance regimes. We found that this taxon forms a short-lived persistent seed bank and its seed germinability decreases over time. The average germination in situ was 3.8 %. While the moss and herb layer cover supported seedling survival, tree-litter cover negatively affected in situ germination. Turf removal had the strongest positive effect on germination percentage in our three tested in situ treatments, followed by litter removal and no management procedures. Seedling mortality was very high (60–100 % of seedlings died), with no difference determined between the treatments. Our results suggest that seedling recruitment from seed banks and artificial disturbance regimes might be an extremely beneficial conservation protocol to enhance small populations of this critically endangered taxon.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K. Devánová, J. Košťál, V. Mertan, S. Mertanová, P. Pajger, K. Rajcová, J. Smatanová, H. Vojteková and M. Zajac for their help in the field, and Raymond Marshall for a language review. Our study was financially supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic VEGA 2/0096/15 and the Millennium Seed Bank Project (Kew, Great Britain). Authors contribution: conception of the study and experimental design: MJ; data acquisition: MJ, IŠ, KH, JK; data analyses and interpretation: MJ; manuscript writing: MJ; critical revision of the manuscript: IŠ and JK.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Percentage germination and average starting day of germination of T. longifolia subsp. moravica seeds collected in June 2008 from two population sites, Čavoj (C) and Radobica (R).
Appendix 2
Numbers of Seedlings and % Seedling Survival in Transect Plots Sown in 2011 (A) and 2009 (B). Population Sites: O – Omšenie, C – Čavoj, R – Radobica, S – Stráž, L – Lysá
A – Explanation of columns: 1 – Transect_plot; 2 – Number of seeds sown in O (4 July 2011), C (29 June 2011), R (26 June 2011), S (26 June 2011), L (4 July 2011); 3 – Number of seedlings on the 1st survey in O (11 August 2011), C (11 August 2011), R (2 August 2011), S (2 August 2011), L (11 August 2011); 4 – Number of seedlings on the 2nd survey in O (7 June 2012), C (5 June 2012), R (4 June 2012), S (6 June 2012), L (8 June 2012), old/new-recorded; 5 – Number of seedlings on the 3rd survey in O (15 May 2013), C (16 May 2013), R (13 May 2013), S (14 May 2013), L (17 May 2013), old/new-recorded; 6 – Number of seedlings on the 4th survey in O (22 May 2014), C (23 May 2014), R (19 May 2014), S (20 May 2014), L (21 May 2014), old-/new-recorded; 7 – Cumulative number of seedlings; 8 – Number of seeds sown in the control plot; 9–12 – Number of seedlings in the control plots on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th surveys, old/new-recorded; 13 – Corrected cumulative number of seedlings (number of seedlings in the control plot subtracted); 14 – % germination expressed as a proportion from the highest value in 2011; 15 – % seedling survival between the 1st and 2nd surveys, 16 – % seedling survival between the 2nd and 3rd surveys; 17 – % seedling survival between the 3rd and 4th surveys; 18 – % cover of herb layer; 19 – % cover of moss layer; 20 – % cover of bare soil; 21 – % cover of herb litter; 22 – % cover of tree litter; 23 – % cover of disturbed surface.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
O1_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 28 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 75 | 0 | |||
O1_2 | 50 | 8 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.333 | 13 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 60 | 0 | |
O1_3 | 50 | 5 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.208 | 60 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 60 | 0 | |
O1_4 | 50 | 1 | 1/2 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 100 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 40 | 0 | |
O1_5 | 50 | 0 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 65 | 0 | ||
O2_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 20 | 0 | 2 | 25 | 60 | 0 | |||
O2_2 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 60 | 0 | |||
O2_3 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 60 | 0 | |||
O2_4 | 50 | 7 | 0/0 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.333 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 60 | 0 | |
O2_5 | 50 | 4 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.167 | 75 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 50 | 0 | |
O3_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 75 | 0 | |||
O3_2 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/2 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.083 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 75 | 0 | ||
O3_3 | 50 | 3 | 0/2 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.167 | 0 | 100 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 85 | 0 | |
O3_4 | 50 | 3 | 1/4 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0.292 | 33 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 85 | 0 | |
O3_5 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 97 | 0 | |||
C1_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/2 | 1/1 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 50 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 85 | 1 | 10 | 0 | |
C1_2 | 50 | 0 | 0/2 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.083 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 70 | 0 | |
C1_3 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 70 | 25 | 50 | 1 | 22 | 0 | |||
C1_4 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1/0 | 0 | 0 | -1 | 0.000 | 20 | 8 | 70 | 1 | 12 | 0 | |||
C1_5 | 50 | 2 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.083 | 100 | 0 | 21 | 2 | 65 | 0 | 15 | 0 | |
C2_1 | 50 | 3 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 33 | 0 | 70 | 25 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | |
C2_2 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 25 | 60 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0 | ||
C2_3 | 50 | 2 | 0/1 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 35 | 40 | 0 | 25 | 5 | 0 |
C2_4 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 55 | 30 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 2 | |||
C2_5 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 55 | 40 | 0 | 30 | 10 | 0 | |||
C3_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 45 | 2 | 3 | 35 | 3 | 2 | |||
C3_2 | 50 | 3 | 3/0 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 100 | 67 | 0 | 95 | 5 | 2 | 20 | 0 | 2 |
C3_3 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/4 | 4/1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.208 | 100 | 65 | 5 | 3 | 20 | 0 | 5 | ||
C3_4 | 50 | 12 | 12/6 | 15/0 | 11/0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0.708 | 100 | 83 | 73 | 35 | 25 | 2 | 35 | 2 | 0 |
C3_5 | 50 | 3 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 33 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
L1_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 60 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 60 | 0 | |||
L1_2 | 50 | 19 | 8/0 | 0/2 | 1/0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 20 | 0.833 | 42 | 0 | 50 | 30 | 10 | 45 | 10 | 10 | 15 |
L1_3 | 50 | 8 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.333 | 13 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 30 | 1 | 30 | 0 | |
L1_4 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 1/0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0 | 85 | 1 | 20 | 10 | 50 | 0 | ||
L1_5 | 50 | 0 | 0/1 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 100 | 100 | 75 | 15 | 10 | 5 | 75 | 0 | |
L2_1 | 50 | 2 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 60 | 0 | ||
L2_2 | 50 | 4 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 50 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 75 | 0 | |
L2_3 | 50 | 2 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.083 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 30 | 15 | 55 | 10 | |
L2_4 | 50 | 4 | 4/5 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0.375 | 100 | 11 | 100 | 75 | 0 | 25 | 35 | 35 | 5 |
L2_5 | 50 | 2 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 5 | 45 | 50 | 5 | |
L3_1 | 50 | 23 | 16/1 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1.000 | 70 | 12 | 0 | 45 | 1 | 0 | 50 | 4 | 0 |
L3_2 | 50 | 4 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.167 | 0 | 30 | 1 | 30 | 15 | 2 | 30 | ||
L3_3 | 50 | 1 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 100 | 0 | 75 | 1 | 0 | 65 | 10 | 0 | |
L3_4 | 50 | 7 | 2/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0.292 | 29 | 50 | 0 | 30 | 1 | 25 | 30 | 1 | 30 |
L3_5 | 50 | 7 | 5/0 | 2/0 | 1/0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0.292 | 71 | 40 | 50 | 35 | 0 | 1 | 60 | 10 | 0 |
S1_1 | 50 | 3 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 15 | 2 | 60 | 3 | ||
S1_2 | 50 | 2 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.167 | 100 | 0 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 50 | 5 | |
S1_3 | 50 | 2 | 0/4 | 0/3 | 0/0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 40 | 1 | 35 | 5 |
S1_4 | 50 | 0 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 55 | 3 | 40 | 40 | ||
S1_5 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 90 | 0 | ||
S2_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 35 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 85 | 0 | |||
S2_2 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 25 | 0 | 20 | 2 | 60 | 20 | |||
S2_3 | 50 | 3 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.125 | 67 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 90 | 0 | |
S2_4 | 50 | 5 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.208 | 40 | 0 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 65 | 0 | |
S2_5 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 50 | 0 | ||
S3_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 35 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 75 | 3 | |||
S3_2 | 50 | 2 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.083 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 60 | 0 | ||
S3_3 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 30 | 0 | |||
S3_4 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 40 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 65 | 1 | |||
S3_5 | 50 | 2 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.083 | 50 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 80 | 0 | |
S4_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 7 | 0 | 20 | 5 | 70 | 30 | |||
S4_2 | 50 | 0 | 0/1 | 1/1 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.083 | 100 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 75 | 3 | |
S4_3 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 75 | 5 | ||
S4_4 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 80 | 0 | ||
S4_5 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 8 | 15 | 0 | 8 | 80 | 5 | ||
R1_1 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | ||
R1_2 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 99 | 0 | |||
R1_3 | 50 | 1 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0/3 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | -3 | 0.000 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 65 | 15 | 0 | 5 | 80 | 0 |
R1_4 | 50 | 5 | 4/0 | 3/0 | 2/0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.208 | 80 | 75 | 67 | 50 | 30 | 0 | 20 | 70 | 0 |
R1_5 | 50 | 5 | 4/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.208 | 80 | 0 | 30 | 45 | 0 | 10 | 30 | 0 | |
R2_1 | 50 | 0 | 0/1 | 0/3 | 0/0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.167 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 | |
R2_2 | 50 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 98 | 0 | ||
R2_3 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 60 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 75 | 0 | |||
R2_4 | 50 | 0 | 0/2 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.042 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 80 | 0 | ||
R2_5 | 50 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 55 | 0 | 7 | 50 | 50 | 0 |
B – Explanation of columns: 1 – Transect_plot; 2 – Number of seeds sown (calculated as average number of well-developed seeds in three capitula, see Janišová et al. 2012b for details) in O (26 June 2009), C (25 June 2009), R (25 June 2009), S (25 June 2009), L (26 June 2009); 3 – Number of seedlings on the 1st survey in O (13 May 2010), C (11 May 2010), R (21 August 2010), S (21 August 2010); 4 – Number of seedlings on the 2nd survey in O (25 May 2011), C (20 May 2011), R (18 May 2011), S (18 May 2011), L (27 May 2011), old/new-recorded; 5 – Number of seedlings on the 3rd survey in O (7 June 2012), C (5 June 2012), R (4 June 2012), S (6 June 2012), L (8 June 2012), old/new-recorded; 6 – Number of seedlings on the 4th survey in O (15 May 2013), C (16 May 2013), R (13 May 2013), S (14 May 2013), L (17 May 2013), old/new-recorded; 7 – Number of seedlings on the 5th survey in O (22 May 2014), C (23 May 2014), R (19 May 2014), S (20 May 2014), L (21 May 2014), old/new-recorded; 8 – Cumulative number of seedlings; 9 – Number of seeds sown in the control plot; 10-14 – Number of seedlings in the control plots on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th surveys, old-/new-recorded; 15 – Corrected cumulative number of seedlings (number of seedlings in the control plot subtracted); 16 – % germination expressed as a proportion from the highest value in 2009; 17 – % seedling survival between the 1st and 2nd surveys, 18 – % seedling survival between the 2nd and 3rd surveys; 19 – % seedling survival between the 3rd and 4th surveys; 20 – % seedling survival between the 4th and 5th surveys; 21 – % cover of herb layer; 22 – % cover of moss layer; 23 – % cover of bare soil; 24 – % cover of herb litter; 25 – % cover of tree litter; 26 – % cover of disturbed surface.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
L4_1 | 204 | 8 | NA | 7/0 | 5/0 | 5/0 | 8 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.727 | 71 | 100 | 95 | 15 | 0 | 60 | 3 | 0 | ||
L4_2 | 204 | 3 | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 50 | 30 | 0 | 60 | 20 | 0 | ||||
L4_3 | 204 | 0 | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 55 | 40 | 2 | 50 | 10 | 0 | ||||
L4_4 | 204 | 0 | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 85 | 25 | 0 | 50 | 1 | 20 | ||||
L4_5 | 204 | 0 | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 80 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 1 | 0 | ||||
L5_1 | 204 | NA | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 55 | 25 | 0 | 25 | 55 | 0 | ||||
L5_2 | 204 | NA | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 40 | 20 | 0 | 50 | 55 | 0 | ||||
L5_3 | 204 | NA | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 32 | 10 | 3 | 25 | 50 | 5 | ||||
L5_4 | 204 | NA | NA | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.091 | 0 | 45 | 1 | 5 | 30 | 45 | 0 | |||
L5_5 | 204 | NA | NA | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 90 | 0 | ||||
O4_1 | 204 | 0 | 0/2 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
O4_2 | 204 | 25 | 8/0 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 1/0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0.818 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 75 | 2 | 15 | 75 |
O4_3 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 50 | 0 | 6 | 15 | 80 | 5 | ||||
O4_4 | 204 | 3 | 3/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.273 | 100 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 65 | 0 | ||
O4_5 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 75 | 40 | 0 | 35 | 40 | 0 | ||||
O5_1 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 95 | 0 | ||||
O5_2 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 30 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 0 | 0 | ||||
O5_3 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 80 | 0 | ||||
O5_4 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 48 | 0 | ||||
O5_5 | 204 | 3 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.273 | 67 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 40 | 0 | ||
S5_1 | 204 | 6 | 4/0 | 4/0 | 3/0 | 3/0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.545 | 67 | 100 | 75 | 100 | 7 | 25 | 0 | 20 | 50 | 0 |
S5_2 | 204 | 0 | 0/1 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.091 | 100 | 0 | 75 | 2 | 2 | 40 | 15 | 0 | ||
S5_3 | 204 | 5 | 5/0 | 5/0 | 5/0 | 4/0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.455 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 45 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 50 | 0 |
S5_4 | 204 | 1 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.091 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 70 | 25 | 0 | 22 | 35 | 0 |
S5_5 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 40 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 25 | 0 | ||||
S6_1 | 204 | 7 | 7/1 | 2/0 | 1/0 | 1/0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0/3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.364 | 100 | 25 | 50 | 100 | 60 | 3 | 0 | 45 | 45 | 0 |
S6_2 | 204 | 1 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.091 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 4 | 3 | 35 | 28 | 0 | ||
S6_3 | 204 | 8 | 8/0 | 7/0 | 4/0 | 3/0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.727 | 100 | 88 | 57 | 75 | 75 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 35 | 0 |
S6_4 | 204 | 3 | 2/0 | 2/0 | 1/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.273 | 67 | 100 | 50 | 0 | 65 | 40 | 0 | 25 | 40 | 0 |
S6_5 | 204 | 15 | 11/1 | 9/0 | 4/0 | 4/0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/4 | 11 | 1.000 | 73 | 75 | 44 | 100 | 62 | 30 | 0 | 20 | 45 | 0 |
R3_1 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 70 | 0 | 25 | 25 | 15 | 25 | ||||
R3_2 | 204 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.091 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 70 | 4 | 12 | 35 | |||
R3_3 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 35 | 0 | 35 | 5 | 25 | 30 | ||||
R3_4 | 204 | 4 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.364 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 95 | 1 | 7 | 75 | |||
R3_5 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 32 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 4 | 80 | ||||
R4_1 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 10 | 100 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 | ||||
R4_2 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 5 | 97 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 0 | ||||
R4_3 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 20 | 75 | 0 | 2 | 30 | 0 | ||||
R4_4 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 30 | 20 | 0 | 4 | 90 | 0 | ||||
R4_5 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 85 | 0 | ||||
C4_1 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 75 | 20 | 1 | 60 | 3 | 0 | ||||
C4_2 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 40 | 10 | 0 | 40 | 10 | 0 | ||||
C4_3 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 65 | 20 | 0 | 35 | 5 | 0 | ||||
C4_4 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 85 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 50 | 0 | ||||
C4_5 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 35 | 40 | 0 | 2 | 65 | 0 | ||||
C5_1 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 1/0 | 0 | -1 | 0.000 | 40 | 0 | 22 | 20 | 5 | 2 | ||||
C5_2 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/4 | 1/1 | 0/0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.364 | 25 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 40 | 5 | 4 | 50 | ||
C5_3 | 204 | 0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | -1 | 0.000 | 25 | 2 | 10 | 55 | 5 | 20 | ||||
C5_4 | 204 | 3 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.273 | 67 | 0 | 30 | 12 | 45 | 1 | 3 | 45 | ||
C5_5 | 204 | 5 | 2/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2/0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.273 | 40 | 0 | 35 | 40 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
Appendix 3
Scatter plots and regression trends expressing relationships between in situ germination and seedling survival of T. longifolia subsp. moravica as dependent variables and plot characteristics as predictors. See Table 1 for details.
Appendix 4
a – Scheme of the management experiment and position of the treatment plots: 1 – not managed, 2 – litter removal, 3 – turf removal, C – non-managed control plot without seed addition. In the control plots, no seedlings were recorded during the experiment (18 September 2012-19 May 2014). b – Number of seedlings in the cultivation ex situ and the treatment plots in situ. Differences in cumulative germination [%] between the treatments in situ tested by ANOVA: F = 16.44, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001. Differences in ‘% survival between the surveys’ between the treatments in situ tested by ANOVA: survey 1 (23 October 2012) – survey 2 (13 May 2013): ANOVA, F = 2.26, d.f. = 3, P=134; survey 2 (13 May 2013) – survey 3 (23 October 2013): ANOVA, F = 1.47, d.f. = 3, P = 0.277.
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Janišová, M., Škodová, I., Hegedüšová, K. et al. Seed bank and seedling recruitment of endangered Tephroseris longifolia subsp. moravica (Asteraceae). Folia Geobot 51, 343–360 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-016-9275-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-016-9275-7