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Phosphoinositides: Two-Path Signaling in Neuronal Response to Oligomeric Amyloid β Peptide

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Abstract

We have previously demonstrated that oligomeric amyloid β peptide (oAβ) together with iron overload generates synaptic injury and activation of several signaling cascades. In this work, we characterized hippocampal neuronal response to oAβ. HT22 neurons exposed to 500 nM oAβ showed neither increased lipid peroxidation nor altered mitochondrial function. In addition, biophysical studies showed that oAβ did not perturb the lipid order of the membrane. Interestingly, although no neuronal damage could be demonstrated, oAβ was found to trigger bifurcated phosphoinositide-dependent signaling in the neuron, on one hand, the phosphorylation of insulin receptor, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent activation of Akt, its translocation to the nucleus and the concomitant phosphorylation, inactivation, and nuclear exclusion of the transcription factor Forkhead Box O3a (FoxO3a), and on the other, phosphoinositide-phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. Pharmacological manipulation of the signaling cascades was used in order to better characterize the role of oAβ-activated signals, and mitochondrial function was determined as a measure of neuronal viability. The inhibition of PI3K, PI-PLC, and general phosphoinositide metabolism impaired neuronal mitochondrial function. Furthermore, increased oAβ-induced cell death was observed in the presence of phosphoinositide metabolism inhibition. Our results allow us to conclude that oAβ triggers the activation of phosphoinositide-dependent signaling, which results in the subsequent activation of neuroprotective mechanisms that could be involved in the determination of neuronal fate.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

APP:

Amyloid beta precursor protein

Aβ:

Amyloid β peptide

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

DAG:

Diacylglycerol

DCDCDHF:

2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DPH:

1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrien

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EM:

Electron microscopy

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

FoxO3a:

Forkhead Box O3a

GP:

Generalized polarization

hNRP:

Human NAP-related protein

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

IR:

Insulin receptor

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LilrB2:

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B2

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MTT:

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

oAβ:

Oligomeric amyloid β peptide

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PI:

Phosphoinositide

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

PIP2 :

Phosphatidylinositol bis-phosphate

PI-PLC:

Phosphoinositide-phospholipase C

PrPC :

Cellular prion protein

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

TMA-DPH:

1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Charles Glabe (Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA) for kindly providing OC and A11 antibodies. This work was supported by Universidad Nacional del Sur (PGI 24/B179), Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT; PICT-2010-0936 and PICT-2013-0987), and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET; PIP 11220120100251).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina

      Romina María Uranga, Natalia Paola Alza, Melisa Ailén Conde, Silvia Susana Antollini & Gabriela Alejandra Salvador

    2. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

      Romina María Uranga, Natalia Paola Alza, Melisa Ailén Conde, Silvia Susana Antollini & Gabriela Alejandra Salvador

    3. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

      Romina María Uranga, Natalia Paola Alza, Melisa Ailén Conde, Silvia Susana Antollini & Gabriela Alejandra Salvador

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    1. Romina María Uranga
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    Correspondence to Gabriela Alejandra Salvador.

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    Natalia Paola Alza and Melisa Ailén Conde contributed equally to this work.

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    Supplementary Fig. 1

    Negative control, no effect on PI3K was exerted by non-oligomerized Aβ (TIF 1120 kb)

    High-resolution image (GIF 255 kb)

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    Uranga, R.M., Alza, N.P., Conde, M.A. et al. Phosphoinositides: Two-Path Signaling in Neuronal Response to Oligomeric Amyloid β Peptide. Mol Neurobiol 54, 3236–3252 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-9885-3

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