Skip to main content
Log in

Modelling growing space of four valuable broadleaved tree species in southern China

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Forest Science and Practice

Abstract

We present management tools for growing four valuable broadleaved tree species, indigenous to subtropical southern China. Crown diameter (CD) of the species studied can be predicted very well by using a model that is solely a linear function of diameter at breast height (DBH). The addition of tree age (AGE) and yield class (YC) to this model did not significantly improve its predictive capacity. We used species-specific crown diameter models to calculate the amount of growing space and subsequently stand density that each species needs to achieve desired stem radial growth rates. Furthermore we used this information to calculate a “distance factor”, a rule of thumb that roughly estimates the distance between two neighboring trees needed to achieve a desired future target diameter. These tools facilitate the planning of thinning regimes by using crown diameter models combined with annual radial growth rates to calculate the number of crop trees per hectare required to reach a desired target stem diameter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson DR, Burnham KP, Thompson WL. 2000. Null hypothesis testing: problems, prevelance, and an alternative. J Wildl Manage, 64: 912–923.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker PJ, Scowcroft PG. 2005. Stocking guidelines for the endemic Hawaiian hardwood, Acacia koa. J Trop For Sci, 17: 610–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baligar VC, Fageria NK, Eswaran B, Wilson MJ, He Z. 2004. Nature and properties of red soils of the world. In: Wilson MJ, He Z, Yang X (eds). The Red Soils of China - Their Nature, Management and Ultilization. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 7–27.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Barker MG, Pinard MA. 2006. Allometry and shade tolerance in pole-sized trees of two contrasting dipterocarp species in Sabah, Malaysia. Biotropica, 38: 437–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bechtold WA. 2003. Crown-diameter prediction models for 87 species of stand-grown tees in the Eastern United States. Southern J Appl For, 27: 269–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown PL, Doley D, Keenan RJ. 2004. Stem and crown dimensions as predictors of thinning responses in a crowded tropical rainforest plantation of Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell. For Ecol Manage, 196: 379–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock SH. 2000. Developmental patterns of tree dimensions in a neotropical deciduous forest. Biotropica, 32: 42–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR. 1998. Model selection and inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cole WG, Lorimer CG. 1994. Predicting tree growth from crown variables in managed northern hardwood stands. For Ecol Manage, 67: 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins HC. 1963. Crown diameters: their relation to bole diameter in tropical forest trees. Commonw For Rev, 42: 318–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foli EG, Alder D, Miller HG, Swaine MD. 2003. Modelling growing space requirements for some tropical forest tree species. For Ecol Manage, 173: 79–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis JK. 1986. The Relationship of Bole Diameters and Crown Widths of Seven Bottomland Hardwood Species. USDA For Serv Res, Note SO-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill SJ, Biging GS, Murphy EC. 2000. Modeling conifer tree crown radius and estimating canopy cover. For Ecol Manage, 126: 405–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginrich SF. 1967. Measuring and Evaluating Stocking and Stand Density in Upland Hardwood Forests in the Central States. For Sci, 13: 38–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grote R. 2003. Estimation of crown radii and crown projection area from stem size and tree position. Ann For Sci, 60: 393–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenauer H. 1997. Dimensional relationships of opengrown trees in Austria. For Ecol Manage, 96: 197–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hein S. 2004. Zur Steuerung von Astreinigung und Dickenwachstum bei Esche (Fraxinus excelsior L.) und Ahorn (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Albert-Ludwigs-Universität und Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanst. Baden- Württemberg, Schriftenreihe Freiburger Forstliche Forschung 25, Freiburg, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hein S, Spiecker H. 2008. Crown and tree allometry of open-grown ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Agrofor Syst, 73: 205–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemery GE, Savill PS, Pryor SN. 2005. Applications of the crown diameter-stem diameter relationship for different species of broadleaved trees. For Ecol Manage, 215: 285–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houllier F, Leban JM, Colin F. 1995. Linking growth modelling to timber quality assessment for Norway spruce. For Ecol Manage, 74: 91–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hummel S. 2000. Height, diameter and crown dimensions of Cordia alliodora associated with tree density. For Ecol Manage, 127: 31–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson PS, Shifley SS, Rogers R. 2009. The ecology and silviculture of oaks. 2nd Edition. CABI, United Kingdom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalliovirta, J, Tokola, T. 2005. Functions for estimating stem diameter and tree age using tree height, crown width and existing stand database information. Silva Fenn, 39: 227–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraft G. 1884. Beitrag zur Lehre von Durchforstungen, Schlagstellungen und Lichtungshieben. Klindworth’s Verlag, Hannover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krajicek JE, Brinkman KA, Gingrich SF. 1961. Crown competition - A measure of density. For Sci, 7: 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang B, Liu S, Zhang G, Chang J, Wen Y, Hao W. 2006. Carbon accumulation and distribution in P. massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest ecosystem in Daqingshan, Guangxi, China. Acta Ecol Sin, 26: 1320–1329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullback S, Leibler RA. 1951. On information and sufficiency. Ann Math Stat, 22: 79–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamson N. 1987. D.b.h./Crown diameter relationships in mixed Appalachian hardwood stands. USDA For Serv Res Note NE-610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langshausen J. 2009. Optionen der Wachstumssteuerung zur Produktion von Wertholz bei der Baumart Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.). Dissertation. - Freiburg (Breisgau). Online: http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/7266/. Accessed 15 Jan 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larocque G, Marshall PL. 1988 Improving single-tree distance-dependent growth models. In: Ek AR, Shifley SR, Burk TE, eds. Forest Growth Modelling and Prediction. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep NC-120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leak WB. 1981. Do stocking guides in the Eastern United States relate to stand growth? J Forest, 79: 661–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minckler LS, Gingrich SF. 1970. Relation of crown width to tree diameter in some upland hardwood stands of Southern Illinois. USDA For Serv Res Note NC-99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton D, Cochrane C, Reay S. 2005. Crown-stem dimension relationships in two New Zealand native forests. N Z J Bot, 43: 673–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nutto L. 1999. Neue Perspektiven für die Begründung und Pflege von jungen Eichenbeständen.: Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zur Kronenentwicklung, Astreinigung und Dickenwachstum junger Stiel- und Traube neichen in Europa (Quercus robur L. und Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Albert-Ludwigs-Universität und Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanst. Baden-Württemberg, Schriftenreihe Freiburger Forstliche Forschung 5, Freiburg, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nutto L, Spathelf P, Rogers B. 2005. Managing diameter growth and natural pruning of Parana pine, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O Ktze., to produce high value timber. Ann For Sci, 62: 163–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nutto L, Spathelf P, Seling I. 2006. Management of individual tree diameter growth and implications for pruning for Brazilian Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. Floresta, 36: 397–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterbaan A, Hochbichler E, Nicolescu VN, Spiecker H. 2009. Silvicultural principles, goals and measures in growing valuable broadleaved tree species. Die Bodenkultur, 60: 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine DP, Hann DW. 1982. Maximum crown-width equations for southwestern Oregon tree species. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research paper No. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuler JK. 2011. Astentwicklung und Astreinigung in Abhängigkeit vom Dickenwachstum bei Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) und Eiche (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.; Quercus robur L.). Dissertation. - Freiburg (Breisgau). Online: http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/8396/. Accessed 15 Jan 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiecker M, Spiecker H. 1988. Erziehung von Kirschenwertholz. AFZ- der Wald, 20, 562–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiecker H. 1991. Zur Steuerung des Dickenwachstums und der Astreinigung von Trauben- und Stieleichen (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. und Quercus robur L.). Schriftenreihe der Landesforstverwaltung Freiburg (Breisgau), Bd. 72 pp. 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiecker H, Hein S, Makkonen-Spiecker K, Thies M. 2009. Valuable broadleaved forests in Europe. Brill; European Forest Institute, Leiden, Boston, [Joensuu] pp. 256.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sprinz P, Burkhart H. 1987. Relationships between tree crown, stem, and stand characteristics in unthinned loblolly pine plantations. Can J For Res, 17: 534–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johanna Schuler.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schuler, J., Cueni, J., Spiecker, H. et al. Modelling growing space of four valuable broadleaved tree species in southern China. For. Sci. Pract. 15, 167–178 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-013-0301-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-013-0301-z

Keywords

Navigation