Abstract
Footwear have been evaluated mostly using commercially available products, while some researchers have used custom shoes. Hence, the understanding of the effects of various parameters of a shoe is quite limited. The footbed simulator invented in recent years allows a range of parameters to be studied in quiet standing. It can be used to evaluate perceived feel and center of pressure changes to changes in heel height, seat length, material, wedge angle and toe spring. This paper is meant to show the value of the footbed simulator in terms of research and the actual production of shoes. A study performed with two heel heights, three combinations of seat length and material and three wedge angles showed that the perceived feel is closely related to the center of pressure. The results also show the optimum footbed has a significantly different perceived feel. Thus, the footbed simulator is an ideal way to generate custom footwear designs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Au, E.Y.L. & Goonetilleke, R.S. (2007). A qualitative study on the comfort and fit of ladies’ dress shoes. Applied Ergonomics, 38(6): 687–696
Baba, K. (1975). Foot measurement for shoe construction with reference to the relationship between foot length, foot breadth and ball girth. Journal of Human Ergology, 3: 149–156
Bunch, R.P. (1988). Foot measurement strategies for fitting athletes. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 16(4): 407–411
Brown, D., Wertsch, J.J., Harris, G.F., Klein, J. & Janisse, D. (2004). Effect of rocker soles on plantar pressures. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85: 81–86
Cheng, F.T. & Perng, D.B. (1999). A systematic approach for developing a foot size information system for shoe last design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 25: 171–185
Chiaou, S., Bhattacharya, A. & Succop, P.A. (1996). Effects of worker’s shoe wear on objective and subjective assessment of slipperiness. Am Ind Hyg. Assoc. Journal, 57: 825–831
Chiu, M.C. & Wang, M.J. (2007). Professional footwear evaluation for clinical nurses. Applied Ergonomics, 38: 133–141
Corrigan, J.P., Moore, D.P. & Stephens, M.M. (1993). Effect of heel height on forefoot loading. Foot and Ankle, 14: 148–152
Dahmen, R., Haspels, R., Koomen, B. & Hoeksma, A.F. (2001). Therapeutic footwear for the neuropathic foot. An Algorithm Diabetes Care, 24(4): 705–709
Dai, J., Yang, J. & Zhuang, Z. (2011). Sensitivity analysis of important parameters affecting contact pressure between a respirator and a headform. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41(3): 268–279
Demello, M. (2009). Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio LLC, Santa Barbara, California
Edgren, L. (2006). Health consumer diversity and its implications. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 15(1): 34–47
Fuller, E., Schroeder, S. & Edwards, J. (2001). Reduction of peak pressure on the forefoot with a rigid rocker-bottom postoperative shoe. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 91: 501–507
Gefen, A., Megido-Ravid, M., Itzchak, Y & Arcan, M. (2002) Analysis of muscular fatigue and foot stability during high-heeled gait. Gait and Posture, 15: 56–63
Gescheider, G.A. (1985). Psychophysics: Method, Theory, and Application, 2nd Ed. Lawrence Erlbaum
Godfrey, C.M., Lawson, G.A. & Stewart, W.A. (1967). A method for determination of pedal pressure changes during weight-bearing: preliminary observations in normal and arthritic feet. Am. J. Public Health, 78: 1563–1567
Goonetilleke, R.S. & Witana, C.P. (2010). Method and apparatus for determining comfortable footbed shapes. US Patent No. 7,685,728 B2. March 30, 2010
Hamilton, J. (2004). Service value networks: value, performance and strategy for the services industry. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 13(4): 469–489
Han, T.R., Paik, N.J. & Im, M.S. (1999). Quantification of the path of centre of pressure using an F-scan in shoe transducer. Gait and Posture, 10: 248–254
Hansen, A.H. & Childress, D.S. (2004). Effects of shoe heel height on biologic rollover characteristics during walking. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 41: 547–553
Holtom, P.D. (1995). Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Western Journal of Medicine, 16 3(6): 568–569
Hong, W.H., Lee, Y.H., Chen, H.C., Pei, Y.C. & Wu, C.Y. (2005). Influence of heel height and shoe insert on comfort perception and biomechanical performance of young female adults during walking. Foot & Ankle International, 26: 1042–1048
Hodge, M.C., Bach, T.M. & Carter, G.M. (1999). Orthotic management of plantar pressure and pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Biomech, 14: 567–575
Joseph, J. & Nightingale, A. (1956). Electromyography of muscles of posture: leg and thigh muscles in women, including the effects of high heels. Journal of Physiology, 132(3): 465–468
Kee, D. & Karwowski, W. (2001). The boundaries for joint angles of isocomfort for sitting and standing males based on perceived comfort of static joint postures. Ergonomics, 44(6): 614–648
Kuklane, K. (2009). Protection of feet in cold exposure. Industrial Health, 47: 242–253
Lake, M.J. (2000). Determining the protective function of sports footwear. Ergonomics, 43(10): 1610–1621
Lee, C.M., Jeong, E.H. & Freivalds, A. (2001). Biomechanical effects of wearing high-heeled shoes. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 28: 321–326
Linder, M. & Saltzman, C.L. (1998). A history of medical scientists on high heels. International Journal of Health Services, 28(2): 201–225
Lin, C.L., Wang, M.J. & Drury, C.G. (2007). Biomechanical, physiological and psychophysical evaluations of clean room boots. Ergonomics, 50: 481–496
Long, J.T., Klein, J.P., Sirota, N.M., Wertsch, J.J., Janisse, D. & Harris, G.F. (2007). Biomechanics of the double rocker sole shoe: gait kinematics and kinetics. Journal of Biomechanics, 40: 2882–2890
Luximon, A. & Goonetilleke, R.S. (2003). Proceedings of the IEA 2003 XVth Triennial Congress, Seoul, 2003
Luximon, A., Goonetilleke, R.S. & Tsui, K.L. (2001). A fit metric for footwear customization. In: Proceedings of the 2001 World Congress on Mass Customization and Personalization, Hong Kong, October 1–2, 2001
McBride, I.D., Wyss, U.P., Cooke, T.D., Murphy, L., Phillips, J. & Olney, S.J. (1991). First metatarsophalangeal joint reaction forces during high-heel gait. Foot Ankle, 11: 282–288
Mandato, M.G. & Nester, E. (1999). The effects of increasing heel height on forefoot peak pressure. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 89: 75–80
Nyska, M., McCabe, C., Linge, K. & Klenerman, L. (1996). Plantar foot pressure during treadmill walking with high-heel and low-heel shoes. Foot and Ankle International, 17: 662–666
Pinhasi, R., Gasparian, B., Areshian, G., Zardaryan, D. & Smith, A. (2010). First direct evidence of chalcolithic footwear from the near eastern highlands. PLoS ONE, 5(6): 1–5
Qian, Y. & Tang, X. (2009). Information transmission in launching a new private label product. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 18(1): 111–127
Shimizu, M. & Andrew, P.D. (1999). Effect of heel height on the foot in unilateral standing. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 11(2): 95–100
Snow, R.E. & Williams, K.R. (1994). High heeled shoes: their effect on center of mass position, posture, three dimensional kinematics, rearfoot motion, and ground reaction forces. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 75: 568–576
Stefanyshyn, D.J. & Nigg, B.M. (2000). Energy aspects associated with sport shoes. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 14(3): 82–89
Tan, K.C., Hartono, M. & Kumar, N. (2010). Anthropometry of the Singaporean and Indonesian populations. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40(6): 757–766
Tien, J.M. (2008). On integration and adaptation in complex service systems. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 17(4): 385–415
Tien, J.M., Krishnamurthy, A. & Yasar, A. (2004). Towards real-time customized management of supply and demand chains. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 13(3): 257–278
Thompson, F.M. & Coughlin, M.J. (1994). The high price of high-fashion footwear. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 76: 1586–1593
Trinkaus, E. (2005). Anatomical evidence for the antiquity of human footwear use. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(10): 1515–1526 [47] Suh, N.P. (1990). Principles of Design. Oxford University Press, New York
Witana, C.P., Goonetilleke, R.S. & Feng, J. (2004). Dimensional differences for evaluating the quality of footwear fit. Ergonomics, 47(12): 1301–1317
Witana, C.P., Goonetilleke, R.S., Au, E.Y., Xiong, S. & Lu, X. (2009a). Footbed shapes for enhanced footwear comfort. Ergonomics, 5): 617–628
Witana, C.P., Goonetilleke, R.S., Xiong, S. & Au, E.Y. (2009b). Effects of surface characteristics on the plantar shape of feet and subjects’ perceived sensations. Applied Ergonomics, 40(2): 267–279
Xu, H., Akai, M., Kakrai, S., Yokota, K. & Kaneko, H. (1999). Effect of shoe modifications on center of pressure and in-shoe plantar pressures. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78: 516–524
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Ravindra Goonetilleke is a Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He received his Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Buffalo in human factors engineering in 1990. His main interests are cognitive engineering, culture-friendly product design and footwear customization.
Thilina Weerasinghe is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He obtained his B.Sc. (Eng) degree from the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka and a M.Phil. degree from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. His main interests are product design.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weerasinghe, T.W., Goonetilleke, R.S. Getting to the bottom of footwear customization. J. Syst. Sci. Syst. Eng. 20, 310–322 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-011-5171-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-011-5171-0