Abstract
CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is a mission developed by CNSA (Chinese National Space Administration) and ASI (Italian Space Agency), to investigate the near-Earth electromagnetic, plasma and particle environment, for studying the seismo-associated disturbances in the ionosphere-magnetosphere transition zone. The anthropogenic and electromagnetic noise, as well as the natural non-seismic electromagnetic emissions is mainly due to tropospheric activity. In particular, the mission aims to confirming the existence of possible temporal correlations between the occurrence of earthquakes for medium and strong magnitude and the observation in space of electromagnetic perturbations, plasma variations and precipitation of bursts with high-energy charged particles from the inner Van Allen belt. In this framework, the high energy particle detector (HEPD) of the CSES mission has been developed by the Italian LIMADOU Collaboration. HEPD is an advanced detector based on a tower of scintillators and a silicon tracker that provides good energy and angular resolution and a wide angular acceptance, for electrons of 3–100 MeV, protons of 30–200 MeV and light nuclei up to the oxygen. CSES satellite has been launched on February 2nd, 2018 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (China).
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lay T, Wallace T C. Modern Global Seismology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995
Mjachkin V I, Brace W F, Sobolev G A, et al. Two models for earthquake forerunners. Pure Appl Geophys, 1975, 113: 169–181
Pulinets S, Boyarchuk K. Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes. New York: Springer, 2004
Cicerone R D, Ebel J E, Britton J. A systematic compilation of earthquake precursors. Tectonophysics, 2009, 476: 371–396
Freund F T, Kulahci I G, Cyr G, et al. Air ionization at rock surface and pre-earthquake signals. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 2009, 71: 1824–1834
Freund F T. Toward a unified solid state theory for pre-earthquake signals. Acta Geophys, 2010, 58: 719–766
Hayakawa M. Earthquake Prediction Studies: Seismo Electromagnetics. Tokyo: Terrapub, 2013. 794
Pulinets S A, Ouzounov D P, Karelin A V, et al. Physical bases of the generation of short-term earthquake precursors: A complex model of ionization-induced geophysical processes in the lithosphereatmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere system. Geomagn Aeron, 2015, 55: 521–538
Sgrigna V, Buzzi A, Conti L, et al. Seismo-induced effects in the nearearth space: Combined ground and space investigations as a contribution to earthquake prediction. Tectonophysics, 2007, 431: 153–171
De Santis A, De Franceschi G, Spogli L, et al. Geospace perturbations induced by the Earth: The state of the art and future trends. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C, 2015, 85–86: 17–33
Warwick J W, Stoker C, Meyer T R. Radio emission associated with rock fracture—Possible application to the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960. J Geophys Res, 1982, 87: 2851–2859
Davies K, Baker D M. Ionospheric effects observed around the time of the Alaskan Earthquake of March 28, 1964. J Geophys Res, 1965, 70: 2251–2253
Varotsos P, Alexopoulos K, Lazaridou-Varotsou M, et al. Earthquake predictions issued in Greece by seismic electric signals since February 6, 1990. Tectonophysics, 1993, 224: 269–288
Kopytenko Y A, Matiashvili T G, Voronov P M, et al. Detection of ultra-low-frequency emissions connected with the Spitak earthquake and its aftershock activity, based on geomagnetic pulsations data at Dusheti and Vardzia observatories. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1993, 77: 85–95
Fraser-Smith A C, McGill P R, Helliwell R A, et al. Ultra-low frequency magnetic field measurements in southern California during the Northridge Earthquake of 17 January 1994. Geophys Res Lett, 1994, 21: 2195–2198
Ohta K, Umeda K, Watanabe N, et al. ULF/ELF emissions observed in Japan, possibly associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 2001, 1: 37–42
Ismaguilov V S, Kopytenko Y A, Hattori K, et al. ULF magnetic emissions connected with under sea bottom earthquakes. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 2001, 1: 23–31
Oike K, Ogawa T. Electromagnetic radiations from shallow earthquakes observed in the LF range. J Geomagn Geoelec, 1986, 38: 1031–1040
Johnston M J S. Review of electric and magnetic fields accompanying seismic and volcanic activity. Surveys Geophys, 1997, 18: 441–476
Uyeda S, Al-Damegh K S, Dologlou E, et al. Some relationship between VAN seismic electric signals (SES) and earthquake parameters. Tectonophysics, 1999, 304: 41–55
Eftaxias K, Kapiris P, Polygiannakis J, et al. Experience of short term earthquake precursors with VLF-VHF electromagnetic emissions. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 2003, 3: 217–228
Park S K, Johnston M J S, Madden T R, et al. Electromagnetic precursors to earthquakes in the Ulf band: A review of observations and mechanisms. Rev Geophys, 1993, 31: 117–132
Merzer M, Klemperer S L. Modeling low-frequency magnetic-field precursors to the Loma Prieta Earthquake with a precursory increase in fault-zone conductivity. Pure Appl Geophys, 1997, 150: 217–248
Molchanov O A, Hayakawa M. On the generation mechanism of ULF seismogenic electromagnetic emissions. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1998, 105: 201–210
Surkov V. ULF electromagnetic perturbations resulting from the fracture and dilatancy in the earthquake preparation zone. In: Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes. Tokyo: Terrapub, 1999. 371–382
Hayakawa M, Kopytenko Y, Smirnova N, et al. Monitoring ULF magnetic disturbances, and schemes for recognizing earthquake precursors. Phys Chem Earth Part A-Solid Earth Geodesy, 2000, 25: 263–269
Dobrovolsky I P, Zubkov S I, Miachkin V I. Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones. Pure Appl Geophys, 1979, 117: 1025–1044
Dobrovolsky I P, Gershenzon N I, Gokhberg M B. Theory of electrokinetic effects occurring at the final stage in the preparation of a tectonic earthquake. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1989, 57: 144–156
Gokhberg M B, Morgounov V A, Aronov E L. On the high frequency electromagnetic radiation during seismic activity. Dokladi Acad Sci USSR, 1979, 248: 1077–1081
Larkina V I, Migulin V V, Molchanov O A, et al. Some statistical results on very low frequency radiowave emissions in the upper ionosphere over earthquake zones. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1989, 57: 100–109
Parrot M, Mogilevsky M M. VLF emissions associated with earthquakes and observed in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1989, 57: 86–99
Bilichenko S V, Iljin F S, Kim E F, et al. ULF response of the ionosphere for earthquake preparation processes. Dokl Acad Nauk USSR, 1990, 311: 1077–1080
Serebryakova O N, Bilichenko S V, Chmyrev V M, et al. Electromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquake regions as observed by lowaltitude satellites. Geophys Res Lett, 1992, 19: 91–94
Parrot M, Achache J, Berthelier J J, et al. High-frequency seismoelectromagnetic effects. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1993, 77: 65–83
Zlotnicki J, Li F, Parrot M. Signals recorded by DEMETER satellite over active volcanoes during the period 2004 August-2007 December. Geophys J Int, 2010, 183: 1332–1347
Zlotnicki J, Li F, Parrot M. Ionospheric disturbances recorded by DEMETER Satellite over active volcanoes: From August 2004 to December 2010. Int J Geophys, 2013, 2013: 1–17
Ouzounov D, Freund F. Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data. Adv Space Res, 2004, 33: 268–273
Ouzounov D, Liu D, Chunli K, et al. Outgoing long wave radiation variability from IR satellite data prior to major earthquakes. Tectonophysics, 2007, 431: 211–220
Tramutoli V, Cuomo V, Filizzola C, et al. Assessing the potential of thermal infrared satellite surveys for monitoring seismically active areas: The case of Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake, August 17, 1999. Remote Sens Environ, 2005, 96: 409–426
Galper A M, Dmitrenko V V, Nikitina N V, et al. Interrelation of fluxes of high energy charged particles in radiation belt with seismicity of Earth. Cosmic Res, 1989, 27: 789–792
Chmyrev V M, Isaev N V, Serebryakova O N, et al. Small-scale plasma inhomogeneities and correlated ELF emissions in the ionosphere over an earthquake region. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 1997, 59: 967–974
Rodger C J, Dowden R L, Thomson N R. Observations of electromagnetic activity associated with earthquakes by low altitude satellites. In: Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes. Tokyo: Terrapub, 1999, 697–710
Yan R, Parrot M, Pinc¸on J L. Statistical study on variations of the ionospheric ion density observed by DEMETER and related to seismic activities. J Geophys Res Space Phys, 2017, 122: 12421–12429
Lee C C, Liu J Y, Pan C J, et al. The heights of sporadic-E layer si multaneously observed by the VHF radar and ionosondes in Chung-Li. Geophys Res Lett, 2000, 27: 641–644
Parrot M, Berthelier J J, Lebreton J P, et al. Examples of unusual iono-spheric observations made by the DEMETER satellite over seismic re-gions. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C, 2006, 31: 486–495
Bortnik J, Bleier T E, Dunson C, et al. Estimating the seismotelluric current required for observable electromagnetic ground signals. Ann Geophys, 2010, 28: 1615–1624
Pulinets S, Ouzounov D. Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Cou-pling (LAIC) model: An unified concept for earthquake precursors val-idation. J Asian Earth Sci, 2011, 41: 371–382
Sgrigna V. Program for scientific missions dedicated to Earth sciences. ESPERIA Phase A Report. Rome: Italian Space Agency (ASI), 2001. 1–194
Sgrigna V, Console R, Conti L, et al. The ESPERIA project: A mis-sion to investigate the near-Earth space. In: Earth Observation with CHAMP. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer, 2005. 407–412
Parrot M. The micro-satellite DEMETER. J GeoDyn, 2002, 33: 535–541
Bencardino R, Altaura F, Bidoli V, et al. Response of the LAZIO-SiRad detector to low energy electrons. In: Proceedings of the 29th Interna-tional Cosmic Ray Conference. Mumbai: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 2005. 449–452
Sgrigna V, Altamura F, Ascani S, et al. First data from the EGLE ex-periment onboard the ISS. Microgravity Sci Tec, 2007, 19: 70–74
Bakaldin A V, Batishchev A G, Voronov S A, et al. Satellite experiment ARINA for studying seismic effects in the high-energy particle fluxes in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Cosmic Res, 2007, 45: 445–448
Lefeuvre F, Blanc E, Pincc¸on J L, et al. TARANIS-a satellite project dedicated to the physics of TLEs and TGFs. In: Planetary Atmospheric Electricity. New York: Springer, 2008, 301–315
Shen X H, Zhang X M, Wang L W, et al. The earthquake re-lated disturbances in ionosphere and project of the first China seismo-electromagnetic satellite. Earthq Sci, 2011, 24: 639–650
Walt M. Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994
Lanzerotti L J. Space weather and natural hazards. Space Weather, 2012, 10: S05008
Shprits Y Y, Subbotin D, Drozdov A, et al. Unusual stable trapping of the ultrarelativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts. Nat Phys, 2013, 9: 699–703
Parrot M, Zaslavski Y. Physical mechanisms of man-made influences on the magnetosphere. Surv Geophys, 1996, 17: 67–100
Voronov S A, Galper A M, Koldashov S V, et al. Registration of spo-radic increase of high energy particle flux near brazilian anomaly re-gion. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Cosmic Ray Conference Moscow, Volume 4. 1987. 451–452
Voronov S A, Galper A M, Koldashov S V, et al. Increase of high-energy charged particle fluxes in SAA region and the Earth’s seismic activity. Cosmic Res, 1990, 28: 789–791
Voronov S A, Galper A M, Koldashov S V, et al. Observation of high-energy charged particle flux increases in SAA region in 10 September 1985. Cosmic Res, 1989, 27: 629–631
Aleshina ME, Galper A M, Koldashov S V, et al. Interrelation between locations of charged particle precipitation regions and earthquake epi-centres. Cosmic Res, 1992, 30: 79–81
Galper A M, Koldashov S V, Voronov S A. High energy particle flux variations as earthquake predictors. Adv Space Res, 1995, 15: 131–134
Galperin Yu I, Gladyshev V A, Jordjio N V, et al. Precipitation of high-energy captured particles in the magnetosphere above epicenter of an incipient earthquake. Cosmic Res, 1992, 30: 89–106
Pustovetov V P, Malyshev A V. Spatial-temporal correlation of the earthquakes and variations of high-energy particle flux in the inner ra-diation belt. Cosmic Res, 1993, 31: 84–87
Aleksandrin S Yu, Galper A M, Grishantzeva L A, et al. High-energy charged particle bursts in the near-Earth space as earthquake precur-sors. Ann Geophys, 2003, 21: 597–602
Sgrigna V, Carota L, Conti L, et al. Correlations between earthquakes and anomalous particle bursts from SAMPEX/PET satellite observa-tions. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 2005, 67: 1448–1462
Fidani C, Battiston R, Burger W J, et al. A study of NOAA particle flux sensitivity to solar activity and strategies to search for correlations among satellite data and earthquake phenomena. Int J Remote Sens, 2012, 33: 4796–4814
Battiston R, Vitale V. First evidence for correlations between electron fluxes measured by NOAA-POES satellites and large seismic events. Nucl Phys B-Proc Sup, 2013, 243–244: 249–257
Nĕmec F, Santolík O, Parrot M, et al. Spacecraft observations of elec-tromagnetic perturbations connected with seismic activity. Geophys Res Lett, 2008, 35: L05109
Krechetov V V. Cerenkov radiation of protons in the magnetosphere as a source of VLF waves preceding an earthquake. Geomagn Aeron (Engl Transl), 1996, 35: 688–691
McIlwain C E. Coordinates for mapping the distribution of magneti-cally trapped particles. J Geophys Res, 1961, 66: 3681–3691
Swift DW. Mechanisms for auroral precipitation—A review. Rev Geo-phys, 1981, 19: 185–211
Walt M, Voss H D, Pickett J. Electron precipitation coincident with ELF/VLF wave bursts. J Geophys Res, 2002, 107: SMP 28–1–SMP 28–6
Millan R M, Thorne R M. Review of radiation belt relativistic electron losses. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 2007, 69: 362–377
Rodger C J, Clilverd M A, McCormick R J. Significance of lightning generated whistlers to inner radiation belt electron lifetimes. J Geophys Res, 2003, 108: 1462
Inan U S, Piddyachiy D, Peter W B, et al. DEMETER satellite obser-vations of lightning-induced electron precipitation. Geophys Res Lett, 2007, 34: L07103
Gemelos E S, Inan U S, Walt M, et al. Seasonal dependence of en-ergetic electron precipitation: Evidence for a global role of lightning. Geophys Res Lett, 2009, 36: L21107
Sauvaud J A, Maggiolo R, Jacquey C, et al. Radiation belt electron precipitation due to VLF transmitters: Satellite observations. Geophys Res Lett, 2008, 35: L09101
Graf K L, Inan U S, Piddyachiy D, et al. DEMETER observations of transmitter-induced precipitation of inner radiation belt electrons. J Geophys Res, 2009, 114: A07205
Sauvaud J A, Parrot M, Slominska E. Comment on “Comparative study on earthquake and ground based transmitter induced radiation belt elec-tron precipitation at middle latitude”, by Sideropoulos et al. (2011). Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 2014, 14: 1–9
Shih J H. Matteo Ricci—Italian Jesuit missionary. In: Encyclope-dia Britannica. Https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matteo-Ricci, 2017
Picozza P, Galper A M, Castellini G, et al. PAMELA A payload for antimatter matter exploration and light-nuclei astrophysics. Astropart Phys, 2007, 27: 296–315
Aguilar M, Alberti G, Alpat B, et al. First result from the alpha mag-netic spectrometer on the international space station: Precision mea-surement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5–350 GeV. Phys Rev Lett, 2013, 110: 141102
Xuhui S. The experimental satellite on electromagnetism monitoring. Chin J Space Sci, 2014, 34: 558–562
Alfonsi L, Ambroglini F, Ambrosi G, et al. The HEPD particle detector and the EFD electric field detector for the CSES satellite. Radiat Phys Chem, 2017, 137: 187–192
Badoni D, Ammendola R, Bertello I, et al. A high-performance electric field detector for space missions. Planet Space Sci, 2018, 153: 107–119
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ambrosi, G., Bartocci, S., Basara, L. et al. The HEPD particle detector of the CSES satellite mission for investigating seismo-associated perturbations of the Van Allen belts. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 61, 643–652 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-018-9234-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-018-9234-9