Abstract
The physicochemical properties and the contents of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Fe) in 51 road dust samples from Xiandao District (XDD) were investigated. Enrichment factor (EF), multivariate statistics, geostatistics, and health risk assessment model were adopted to study the spatial pollution pattern and to identify the priority pollutants and regions of concern and sources of studied metals. The mean EFs revealed the following order: Cd > Zn ≈ Pb ≈ Cu > Cr. For non-carcinogenic effects, the exposure pathway which resulted in the highest levels of exposure risk for children and adults was ingestion, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Hazard index (HI) values for the studied metals at each site were within the safe level of 1 except maximum HI Cr (1.08) for children. The carcinogenic risk (CR) for Cd and Cr at each site was within the acceptable risk level (1E-06) except CR Cr (1.08E-06) for children in the road intersection between the Changchang highway and the Yuelin highway. Cr was identified as the priority pollutant followed by Pb and Cd with consideration of the local population distribution. Spatially, northwest and northeast of XDD were regarded as the priority regions of concern. Results based on the proposed integrated source identification method indicated that Pb was probably sourced from traffic-related sources, Cd was associated with the dust organic material mainly originated from industrial sources, and Cr was mainly derived from both sources.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apeagyei E, Bank MS, Spengler JD (2011) Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts. Atmos Environ 45(13):2310–2323
Bai SB, Wang J, Chang ZY (2012) Geography computer mapping based on the Surfer 10. Science Press, Beijing, pp 180–184 (in Chinese)
Banerjee AD (2003) Heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts of Delhi, India. Environ Pollut 123(1):95–105
Charlesworth S, De Miguel E, Ordóñez A (2011) A review of the distribution of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments and its application to considerations of risk. Environ Geochem Health 33(2):103–123
Chen T, Liu XM, Li X, Zhao KL, Zhang JB, Xu JM, Shi JC, Dahlgren RA (2009) Heavy metal sources identification and sampling uncertainty analysis in a field-scale vegetable soil of Hangzhou, China. Environ Pollut 157(3):1003–1010
Chen JQ, Wang ZX, Wu X, Zhu JJ, Zhou WB (2011) Source and hazard identification of heavy metals in soils of Changsha based on TIN model and direct exposure method. T Nonferr Metal Soc 21(3):642–651
Chen H, Lu XW, Li LY (2014) Spatial distribution and risk assessment of metals in dust based on samples from nursery and primary schools of Xi’an, China. Atmos Environ 88:172–182
CNEMC (China National Environmental Monitoring Center) (1990) Background values of soil elements in China, 1st edn. Chinese Environmental Science Press, Beijing, pp 334–407 (in Chinese)
Duzgoren-Aydin NS, Wong CSC, Aydin A, Song Z, You M, Li XD (2006) Heavy metal contamination and distribution in the urban environment of Guangzhou, SE China. Environ Geochem Health 28(4):375–391
El Nemr A, Khaled A, El Sikaily A (2006) Distribution and statistical analysis of leachable and total heavy metals in the sediments of the Suez Gulf. Environ Monit Assess 118(1-3):89–112
Fang G, Wu Y, Chang S, Huang S, Rau J (2006) Size distributions of ambient air particles and enrichment factor analyses of metallic elements at Taichung Harbor near the Taiwan Strait. Atmos Res 81(4):320–333
Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E (2005) Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment. Atmos Environ 39(25):4501–4512
Gunawardana C, Goonetilleke A, Egodawatta P, Dawes L, Kokot S (2012) Source characterization of road dust based on chemical and mineralogical composition. Chemosphere 87(2):163–170
Han Y, Du P, Cao J, Posmentier ES (2006) Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Sci Total Environ 355:176–186
Huang Y, Li T, Wu C, He Z, Japenga J, Deng M, Yang X (2015) An integrated approach to assess heavy metal source apportionmentin peri-urban agricultural soils. J Hazard Mater 299:540–549
Huang JH, Li F, Zeng GM, Liu WC, Huang XL, Wu HP, Gu YL, Li X, He XX, He Y (2016) Integrating hierarchical bioavailability and population distribution into potential eco-risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust: a case study in Xiandao District, Changsha city, China. Sci Total Environ 541:969–976
Jones EA, Wright JM, Rice G, Buckley BT, Magsumbol MS, Barr DB, Williams BL (2010) Metal exposures in an inner-city neonatal population. Environ Int 36(7):649–654
Kartal S, Aydın Z, Tokalıoğlu S (2006) Fractionation of metals in street sediment samples by using the BCR sequential extraction procedure and multivariate statistical elucidation of the data. J Hazard Mater 132(1):80–89
Keshavarzi B, Tazarvi Z, Rajabzadeh MA, Najmeddin A (2015) Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran. Atmos Environ 119:1–10
Kükrer S, Şeker S, Abacı ZT, Kutlu B (2014) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of northern littoral zone of Lake Çıldır, Ardahan, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 186(6):3847–3857
Li XP, Feng LN (2012) Multivariate and geostatistical analyzes of metals in urban soil of Weinan industrial areas, Northwest of China. Atmos Environ 47:58–65
Li ZW, Zeng GM, Zhang H, Yang B, Jiao S (2007) The integrated eco-environment assessment of the red soil hilly region based on GIS—A case study in Changsha City, China. Ecol Model 202(3-4):540–546
Li F, Huang JH, Zeng GM, Yuan XZ, Liang J, Wang XY (2012) Multimedia health risk assessment: a case study of scenario-uncertainty. J Cent South Univ 19(10):2901–2909
Li HM, Qian X, Hu W, Wang YL, Gao HL (2013) Chemical speciation and human health risk of trace metals in urban street dusts from a metropolitan city, Nanjing, SE China. Sci Total Environ 456–457:212–221
Li F, Huang JH, Zeng GM, Huang XL, Li XD, Liang J, Wu HP, Wang XY, Bai B (2014) Integrated source apportionment, screening risk assessment and risk mapping of heavy metals in surface sediments: a case study of the Dongting Lake, Middle China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 20(5):1213–1230
Li F, Huang JH, Zeng GM, Huang XL, Liu WC, Wu HP, Yuan YJ, He XX, Lai MY (2015a) Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of toxic metals associated with receptor population density in street dust: a case study of Xiandao District, Changsha, Middle China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(9):6732–6742
Li F, Huang JH, Zeng GM, Liu WC, Huang XL, Huang B, Gu YL, Shi LX, He XX, He Y (2015b) Toxic metals in topsoil under different land uses from Xiandao District, middle China: distribution, relationship with soil characteristics, and health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(16):12261–12275
Liu EF, Yan T, Birch G, Zhu YX (2014) Pollution and health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban road dust in Nanjing, a mega-city of China. J Hazard Mater 476–477:522–531
Lu X, Wang L, Li LY, Lei K, Huang L, Kang D (2010) Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. J Hazard Mater 173(1–3):744–749
Lu XW, Wu X, Wang YW, Chen H, Gao PP, Fu Y (2014) Risk assessment of toxic metals in street dust from a medium-sized industrial city of China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 106:154–163
Luo XS, Yu S, Li XD (2011) Distribution, availability, and sources of trace metals in different particle size fractions of urban soils in Hong Kong: implications for assessing the risk to human health. Environ Pollut 159(5):1317–1326
MEPPRC (Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China) (2014) Technical guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated sites (HJ 25.3–2014) (in Chinese)
Moreno T, Karanasiou A, Amato F, Lucarelli F, Nava S, Calzolai G, Chiari M, Coz E, Artíñano B, Lumbreras J, Borge R, Boldo E, Linares C, Alastuey A, Querol X, Gibbons W (2013) Daily and hourly sourcing of metallic and mineral dust in urban air contaminated by traffic and coal-burning emissions. Atmos Environ 68:33–44
Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeny DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis, part 2, chemical and microbiologiacl properties, 2nd edn. American Society of Agronomy Inc, Madison
NEPAC (National Environmental Protection Agency of China) (1995) Environmental quality standard for soils (GB 15618–1995) (in Chinese)
Nicholson KW (1988) A review of particle resuspension. Atmos Environ 22(12):2639–2651
Pan YM, Yang GZ (1988) Hunan soil background values and research methods. Chinese Environmental Science Press, Beijing, pp 275–285 (in Chinese)
Pathak AK, Yadav S, Kumar P, Kumar R (2013) Source apportionment and spatial–temporal variations in the metal content of surface dust collected from an industrial area adjoining Delhi, India. Sci Total Environ 443:662–672
Rasmussen PE, Subramanian KS, Jessiman BJ (2001) A multi-element profile of housedust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa, Canada. Sci Total Environ 267(1-3):125–140
Saeedia M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M (2012) Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. J Hazard Mater 227–228:9–17
Shi G, Chen Z, Bi C, Li Y, Teng J, Wang L, Xu S (2010) Comprehensive assessment of toxic metals in urban and suburban street deposited sediments (SDSs) in the biggest metropolitan area of China. Environ Pollut 158(3):694–703
Sutherland RA (2000) Bed sediment associated trace metals in an urban stream. Oahu. Hawaii. Environ Geol 39(6):611–627
Tang RL, Ma KM, Zhang YX, Mao QZ (2013) The spatial characteristics and pollution levels of metals in urban street dust of Beijing, China. Appl Geochem 35:88–98
U.S. Department of Energy (2004) RAIS: risk assessment information system. US Department of Energy, Washington DC
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014) World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision, highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352)
USEPA (1996) Soil screening guidance: technical background document. EPA/540/R–95/128. Office of soild waste and emergency response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
USEPA (2001) Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. OSWER 9355.4–24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
Van den Berg R (1994) Human exposure to soil contamination: a qualitative and quantitative analysis towards proposals for human toxicological intervention values. Report No.725201011, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Wei BG, Yang LS (2010) A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem J 94(2):99–107
Wei BG, Jiang FQ, Li XM, Mu SY (2009) Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China. Microchem J 93(2):147–152
Wei X, Gao B, Wang P, Zhou HD, Lu J (2015) Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 112:186–192
WHO (World Health Organization) (1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality. Recommendations, vol. I. Geneva
Wijaya AR, Ouchi AK, Tanaka K, Shinjo R, Ohde S (2012) Metal contents and Pb isotopes in road-side dust and sediment of Japan. J Geochem Explor 118:68–76
Xi D, Sun Y, Liu X (2004) Environmental monitoring, 3rd edn. Higher Education Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Yang B, Chen ZL, Zhang CS, Dong JH, Peng XC (2012) Distribution patterns and major sources of dioxins in soils of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 84:63–69
Yu B, Wang Y, Zhou Q (2014) Human health risk assessment based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and simple bioaccessibility extraction test of toxic metals in urban street dust of Tianjin, China. PLoS One 9:e92459
Zhao H, Li X (2013) Understanding the relationship between heavy metals inroad-deposited sediments and washoff particles in urban stormwater using simulated rainfall. J Hazard Mater 246–247:267–276
Zhou T, Xi CZ, Dai TG, Huang DY (2008) Comprehensive assessment of urban geological environment in Changsha City. Guangdong Trace Elem Sci 15(6):32–38 (in Chinese)
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51578222, 51178172, 51308076, 51521006 and 51378190) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2015062; 2722013JC095).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, F., Zhang, J., Huang, J. et al. Heavy metals in road dust from Xiandao District, Changsha City, China: characteristics, health risk assessment, and integrated source identification. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 13100–13113 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6458-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6458-y