Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

“You can go to college”: Employing a Developmental Perspective to Examine How Young Men of Color Construct a College-Going Identity

  • Published:
The Urban Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article examines college-going identity construction for Black, Latino, and Asian American and Pacific Islander high school students. The authors use Marcia’s (J Personal Soc Psychol 3(5):551–558, 1966; in: Delson (ed) Handbook of adolescent research, Wiley, New York, 1980) ego identity statuses perspective to examine how students develop their college-going identities to consider their post-high school pathways. We draw on focus groups interviews with 153 Black, Latino, and Asian American Pacific Islanders students enrolled in 10 urban and suburban high schools in California. The findings show the importance of being somebody, not quitting before establishing a career or graduating from college, joining the military as a pathway to finance postsecondary education, and the internal pressure to pay for higher education. The significance of this paper challenges the dominant narrative of young men of color not invested or interested in higher education, but highlight how the young men of color negotiate their agency in constructing their ideas and making decisions based on how various tensions and aspirations shape their goals after high school.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Data for this study is adapted from a larger comprehensive mixed-methods study of 496 racial and ethnic minority students, parents, and counselors at 10 high schools in Southern California and their perceptions of college opportunities.

References

  • Adelman, C. (2006). The toolbox revisited: Paths to degree completion from high school through college. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • American School Counselor Association (2016). Student-to-school-counselor ratio 20142015. Retrieved from https://www.schoolcounselor.org/press.

  • Anderson, N. S., & Larson, C. L. (2009). “Sinking like quicksand:” Expanding educational opportunity for young men of color. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45(1), 71–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, S. (2004). “Why do they give the good classes to some and not to others?” Latino parent narratives of struggle in a college access program. Teachers College Record, 104(7), 1369–1392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, W. (2006). Hearts and minds: Military recruitment and the high school battlefield. Phi Delta Kappan, 87(8), 594–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bazeley, P. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods (5th ed.). New York: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchmann, C., DiPrete, T. A., & McDaniel, A. (2008). Gender inequalities in education. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 319–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. A., Ponjuan, L., Orrock, J., Wilson, T., & Flores, G. (2013). Support and barriers for Latino male students’ educational pursuits: Perceptions of counselors and administrators. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91, 458–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (1996). Teaching the boys: New research on masculinity, and gender strategies for schools. Teachers College Record, 98(2), 206–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. London: Sage Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, K. J., & Kienzl, G. S. (2006). It’s not enough to get through the open door: Inequalities by social background in transfer from community colleges to four-year colleges. Teachers College Record, 108(3), 452–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada, J. N., Huerta, A. H., Hernandez, E., Hernandez, R., & Kim, S. (2018). Socio-ecological risk and protective factors for youth gang involvement. In H. Shapiro and Associates (Eds.), The Handbook of Violence in Education: Forms, Factors, and Preventions (pp. 185–202). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118966709.ch9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fergus, E., Noguera, P., & Martin, M. (2014). Schooling for resilience: Improving the life trajectory of Black and Latino boys. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, A. A. (2000). Bad boys; public schools and the making of Black masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Gonzales, N. (2005). Popularity versus respect: School structure, peer groups and Latino academic achievement. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 18(5), 625–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giraldo, L. G., Huerta, A. H., & Solórzano, D. G. (2017). From incarceration to community college: Funds of knowledge, community cultural wealth, and critical race theory. In C. Rios-Aguilar & J. M. Kiyama (Eds.), Funds of knowledge in higher education: Honoring students’ cultural experiences and resources as strengths (pp. 48–65). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, S. R. (2015). Success in these schools? Visual counternarratives of young men of color and urban high schools they attend. Urban Education, 50(2), 139–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, S. R., & Associates. (2014). Succeeding in the city: A report from the New York city black and latino male high school achievement study. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Center for the Study of Race and Equity in Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haveman, R. H., & Smeeding, T. M. (2006). The role of higher education in social mobility. The Future of Children, 16(2), 125–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. H. (2008). School strategies and the ‘college-linking’ process: Reconsidering the effects of high schools on college enrollment. Sociology of Education, 81(1), 53–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, L. D. (2012). Environmental threats to college counseling strategies in urban high schools: Implications for student preparation for college transition. Urban Review, 44, 36–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield, P. J. (2008). Preparing for Prison? The criminalization of school discipline in the USA. Theoretical Criminology, 12, 79–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, M. M. (2015). Trusting each other: Student-counselor relationships in diverse high schools. Sociology of Education, 88(3), 244–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, T. C. (2014). Black Male(d): Peril and promise in the education of African American males. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, T. C., Woodward, B., Navarro, O., Haro, B., Watson, K., & Huerta, A. H. (in press). Renaming the narrative, reclaiming their humanity: Black and Latino males descriptions of success. Teachers College Record.

  • Huerta, A. H. (2015a). “I didn’t want my life to be like that”: Gangs, college, or the military for Latino male high school students. Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies, 7(2), 156–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huerta, A. H. (2015b). The role of counselors in facilitating college opportunities for marginalized student populations. In J. D. Mathis, R. M. Rall, & T. M. Laudino (Eds.), Fundamentals of college admission counseling: A textbook for graduate students and practicing counselors (4th ed., pp. 276–289). Arlington, VA: NACAC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huerta, A. H. (2016). Gangs and college knowledge: An examination of Latino male students attending an alternative school (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.

  • Huerta, A. H., & Fishman, S. M. (2014). Marginality and mattering: Urban Latino male undergraduates in higher education. Journal of The First-Year Experience & Students in Transition, 26(1), 85–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huerta, A. H., & Rios-Aguilar, C. (in press). “Treat a cop like they are God”: Exploring the relevance and utility of funds of gang knowledge among Latino male students. Urban Education.

  • Kim, J. H. (2011). Narrative inquiry into (re)imaging alternative schools: A case study of Kevin Gonzales. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 24(1), 77–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., & Taylor, K. A. (2008). An alternative for whom? Rethinking alternative education to break the cycle of educational inequality and inequity. The Journal of Education Research, 101(4), 207–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura-Walsh, E., Yamamura, E. K., Griffin, K. A., & Allen, W. R. (2009). Achieving the college dream? Examining disparities in access to college information among high achieving and non-high achieving Latina students. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 8(3), 298–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyama, J. M. (2010). College aspirations and limitations: The role of educational ideologies and funds of knowledge in Mexican American families. American Educational Research Journal, 47(2), 330–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klugman, J. (2012). How resources inequalities among high schools reproduce class advantages in college destination. Research in Higher Education, 53, 803–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laura, C. T. (2014). Being bad: My baby brother and the school-to-prison pipeline. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, N. (2003). Hopeful girls, troubled boys: Race and gender disparities in urban education. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Aguado, P. (2016). “I would be a bulldog”: Tracing the spillover of carceral identity. Social Forces, 63(2), 203–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Delson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent research (pp. 109–137). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, E., Jr., & Castellanos, M. (2018). Catching them early: An examination of Chicano/Latino middle school boys’ early career aspirations. The Urban Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-017-0438-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, E., & Huerta, A. H. (in press). Deferred enrollment: Chicano/Latino males, social mobility and military enlistment. Education & Urban Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124518785021.

  • McDonough, P. M. (1997). Choosing colleges: How social class and school structure opportunity. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, P. M. (1998). Structuring opportunity: A cross-case analysis of organizational cultures, climates, and habiti. In C. A. Torres & T. R. Mitchell (Eds.), Sociology of education: emerging perspectives (pp. 181–210). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, P. M., & Calderone, S. (2006). The meaning of money: Perceptual differences between college counselors and low-income families about college costs and financial aid. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(2), 1703–1718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNutly, C. P., & Roseboro, D. L. (2009). “I’m not really bad”: Alternative school students, stigma, and identity politics. Equity & Excellence in Education, 42(4), 412–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. L., Henfield, M. S., & Owens, D. (2008). African American males in special education: Their attitudes and perceptions toward high school counselors and school counseling services. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(7), 907–927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, A. L. (2010). Degrees of inequality: Culture, class, and gender in American higher education. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakkula, M. J., & Toshalis, E. (2006). Understanding youth: Adolescent development for educators. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education [CARE]. (2008). Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders. Facts, not fiction: Setting the record straight. New York City, NY: Author.

  • National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education [CARE]. (2011). The relevance of Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders in the college completion agenda. New York City, NY: Author.

  • Noguera, P. A. (2003). Schools, prisons, and social implications of punishment: Rethinking disciplinary policies. Theory into Practice, 42(4), 341–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noguera, P. (2008). The trouble with black boys and other reflections on race, equity and the future of public education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noguera, P., Hurtado, A., & Fergus, E. (Eds.). (2011). Invisible no more: Understanding the disenfranchisement of Latino men and boys. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, J. (2005). Keeping track: How schools structure inequality (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez Huber, L., Malagón, M. C., Ramirez, B. R., Gonzales, L. C., Jimenez, A., & Velez, V. N. (2015). Still falling through the cracks: Revisiting the Latina/o educational pipeline. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center: Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perna, L. W. (2000a). Differences in the decision to attend college among African American, Hispanic, and Whites. Journal of Higher Education, 71(2), 117–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perna, L. W. (2000b). Racial/ethnic group differences in college enrollment decisions. In A. F. Cabrera & S. La Nasa (Eds.), Understanding the college choice of disadvantaged students. New directions for institutional research (Vol. 107, pp. 65–83). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perna, L. W., & Titus, M. A. (2005). The relationship between parental involvement as social capital and college enrollment: An examination of racial/ethnic group differences. Journal of Higher Education, 76(5), 485–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, B. D. (2011). Socio-economic and work identity intersections with masculinity and college success. In J. A. Laker & T. Davis (Eds.), Masculinities in higher education: Theoretical and practical consideration (pp. 111–129). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rios, V. M. (2011). Punished: Policing the lives of Black and Latino boys. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rios, V. M. (2017). Human targets: School, police, and the criminalization of Latino youth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, T., Kena, G., Rathbun, A., KewalRamani, A., Zhang, J., Kristapovich, P., & Manning, E. (2012). Higher education: Gaps in access and persistence study (NCES 2012-046). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

  • Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, V. B., & Ponjuan, L. (2009). The vanishing Latino male in higher education. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 8(1), 54–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, S. M., Huerta, A. H., & Venegas, K. M. (2012). Latino males and college preparation programs: Examples of increased access. Metropolitan Universities, 22(3), 27–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savitz-Romer, M., & Bouffard, S. M. (2012). Ready, willing, and able: A developmental approach to college access and success. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott Foundation for Public Education (2015). Black lives matter: The Schott 50 state report on public education and black males. Retrieved from http://blackboysreport.org/.

  • Schwartz, J. L., Donovan, J., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (2009). Stories of social class: self-identified Mexican male college students crack the silence. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 50–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton-Salazar, R. D. (2001). Manufacturing hope and despair: The school and kin support networks of U.S. Mexican youth. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanton-Salazar, D. (2011). A social capital framework for the study of institutional agents and their role in the empowerment of low-status students and youth. Youth & Society, 43(3), 1066–1109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strayhorn, T. L. (2010). When race and gender collide: Social and cultural capital’s influence on the academic achievement of African American and Latino males. Review of Higher Education, 33(3), 307–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teranishi, R. T. (2010). Asians in the ivory tower: Dilemmas of racial inequality in American higher education. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teranishi, R. T., Ceja, M., Antonio, A. L., Allen, W. R., & McDonough, P. M. (2004). The college-choice process for Asian Pacific Americans: Ethnicity and socioeconomic class in context. Review of Higher Education, 27(4), 527–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teranishi, R. T., & Nguyen, T. K. (2011). Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: The changing demography of the United States and implications for educational policy. Harvard Journal of Asian American Policy Review, 22, 17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, W. G. (2009). Applying to college. Qualitative Inquiry, 15(1), 79–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, W. G., & Venegas, K. M. (2009). Finding money on the table: Information, financial aid, and access to college. Journal of Higher Education, 80(4), 363–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, M. (2015). An exploratory study of the academic engagement and beliefs of Latino male high school students. Race Ethnicity and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2015.1121221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ujifusa, A. (2018, February 12). Trump seeks to cut education budget by 5 percent, expand school choice push. Education Week. Retrieved from http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/campaign-k-12/2018/02/trump_education_budget_2019_5_percent_cut_school_choice_push.html.

  • Valenzuela, A. (1999). Subtractive schooling: U.S.—mexican youth and the politics of caring. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigil, J. D. (1999). Street and schools: How educators can help Chicano marginalized gang youth. Harvard Educational Review, 69(3), 270–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vigil, J. D. (2003). Urban violence and street gangs. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32(1), 225–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, W., Sealey-Ruiz, Y., & Jackson, I. (2016). Daring to care: The role of culturally relevant care in mentoring Black and Latino male high school students. Race Ethnicity and Education, 19(5), 980–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.911169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adrian H. Huerta.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huerta, A.H., McDonough, P.M. & Allen, W.R. “You can go to college”: Employing a Developmental Perspective to Examine How Young Men of Color Construct a College-Going Identity. Urban Rev 50, 713–734 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-018-0466-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-018-0466-9

Keywords

Navigation