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Sustainable utilization of oil palm wastes for bioactive phytochemicals for the benefit of the oil palm and nutraceutical industries

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Abstract

For a hectare of oil palm plantation, about 21.63 tonnes of biomass comprising 20.43 % empty fruit bunches, 5.09 % palm kernel shells, 11.65 % oil palm trunks, 50.30 % oil palm fronds and 12.53 % palm pressed fibre is produced per year as wastes which keep raising many environmental concerns as most of them are incinerated and dumped at open sites. Oil palm wastes are found to contain phytochemicals which have anti-cancer, antioxidants and other vital biological activities. About 17–65 kg of carotenoids, 0.1–60 kg phenolic compounds, 0.6–39 kg sterols and 4.0–62 kg tocols could be extracted from these wastes which would not only boost the economy but also help improve human health and promote clean environments. This study assesses the phytochemistry of oil palm wastes and their pharmacological activities beneficial to the nutraceutical industry with the view of utilizing oil palm wastes for sustainable development.

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Abbreviations

OPB:

Oil palm biomass

OPW:

Oil palm wastes

OPFF:

Oil palm fresh fruit

OPF:

Oil palm fronds

OPT:

Oil palm trunks

OPR:

Oil palm roots

OPL:

Oil palm leaves

PKC:

Palm kernel cake

PPF:

Palm pressed fibre

POME:

Palm oil mill effluent

EFB:

Empty fruit bunches

PKO:

Palm kernel oil

CPO:

Crude palm oil

PKS:

Palm kernel shells

PFAD:

Palm fatty acid distillate

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

GC-FID:

Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy

TL-C:

Thin-layer chromatography

FTIR-S:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

UV-S:

Ultra violet spectroscopy

LC–MS:

Liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia (Research University Grant No. 854002 and USM Fellowship) for the financial support given.

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  1. Lignocellulosic Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Cynthia Ofori-Boateng & Keat Teong Lee

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  1. Cynthia Ofori-Boateng
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  2. Keat Teong Lee
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Correspondence to Cynthia Ofori-Boateng.

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Ofori-Boateng, C., Lee, K.T. Sustainable utilization of oil palm wastes for bioactive phytochemicals for the benefit of the oil palm and nutraceutical industries. Phytochem Rev 12, 173–190 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9270-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9270-z

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