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Diversification of functional morphology in herbivorous cichlids (Perciformes: Cichlidae) of the tribe Tropheini in Lake Tanganyika

  • Advances in Cichlid Research II
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Abstract

In Lake Tanganyika, several lineages of cichlids have diversified into 200 species. Tribe Tropheini contains the greatest richness of herbivorous species that are classified into four ecomorphs: grazers, browsers, suckers, and pickers. All of these ecomorphs coexist on littoral rocky shores. To reveal the differences among species within ecomorphs, we analysed fish shape and functional morphology related to feeding habits, using geometric morphometrics, and measured intestine length. Furthermore, we tested the relationship between genetic and morphological distances. As a result, diversities of functional morphology among ecomorphs, and among species within ecomorphs, were revealed. In grazers, morphological diversity was greatest in jaws and the opening direction of mouth, suggesting that these species have adapted to feed on various substrata. In browsers, intestine length varied among species, indicating that this ecomorph consists of species with various specializations in herbivory. Morphological divergence was found only in the mandible and occlusal facet in grazers. No clear relation was found between morphological and phylogenetic distances in browsers, which are a polyphyletic group, indicating that their traits were acquired by convergence in multiple lineages. Our data suggest that the observed morphological variation among species enable sympatric species to separate their feeding niches.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to members of the Maneno Team (Tanganyika Research Project Team) and staffs of Lake Tanganyika Research Unit, Mpulungu, Zambia, for their support. We also thank the organizers of the special issue, two anonymous referees for valuable comments.

Funding

This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers (Nos. 25840159, 15H05230, 15H02420 for HH, No. 25304017 for MH).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan

    Shinya Tada & Hiroki Hata

  2. Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan

    Michio Hori

  3. Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebonocho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan

    Kosaku Yamaoka

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  1. Shinya Tada
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Correspondence to Hiroki Hata.

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Guest editors: S. Koblmüller, R. C. Albertson, M. J. Genner, K. M. Sefc & T. Takahashi / Advances in Cichlid Research II: Behavior, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Electronic supplementary material

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10750_2016_2761_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Fig. S1 The best Maximum Likelihood tree of Tropheini cichlids on the complete ND2 gene and the mitochondrial control region. Values on the branch are ML bootstrap percentages (only >60 shown). Codes in parentheses after fish name indicate accession numbers in GenBank (ND2, control region) (TIFF 1316 kb)

10750_2016_2761_MOESM2_ESM.eps

Fig. S2 Scatter plot of PC1 and PC2 from principle component analysis of body shape with semi-landmarks of 15 Tropheini species (A). Variations in shape that correspond to PC1 and PC2 are shown in (B) as deformation grids and vectors. The blue lines in (B) show shape changes following the plot shift in (A) with 0.1 unit in the positive PC direction. Red, black, blue, and green indicate grazers, browsers, suckers, and pickers, respectively. Species abbreviations are shown in Table 1 (EPS 1266 kb)

10750_2016_2761_MOESM3_ESM.eps

Fig. S3 Scatter plot of PC1 and PC2 from principle component analysis of the premaxilla of 15 Tropheini species (A). Variations in shape that correspond to PC1 and PC2 are shown in (B) as deformation grids and vectors. The blue lines in (B) show shape changes following the plot shift in (A) with 0.1 unit in the positive PC direction. Red, black, blue, and green indicate grazers, browsers, suckers, and pickers, respectively. Species abbreviations are shown in Table 1 (EPS 1158 kb)

10750_2016_2761_MOESM4_ESM.eps

Fig. S4 Scatter plot of PC1 and PC2 from principle component analysis of the lateral side of the mandible of 15 Tropheini species (A). Variations in shape that correspond to PC1 and PC2 are shown in (B) as deformation grids and vectors. The blue lines in (B) show shape changes following plot shift in (A) with 0.1 unit in the positive PC direction. Red, black, blue, and green indicate grazers, browsers, suckers, and pickers, respectively. Species abbreviations are shown in Table 1 (EPS 1147 kb)

10750_2016_2761_MOESM5_ESM.eps

Fig. S5 Scatter plot of PC1 and PC2 from principle component analysis of the occlusal facet of 15 Tropheini species (A). Variations in shape that correspond to PC1 and PC2 are shown in (B) as deformation grids and vectors. The blue lines in (B) show shape changes following plot shift in (A) with 0.1 unit in the positive PC direction. Red, black, blue, and green indicate grazers, browsers, suckers, and pickers, respectively. Species abbreviations are shown in Table 1 (EPS 1142 kb)

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Tada, S., Hori, M., Yamaoka, K. et al. Diversification of functional morphology in herbivorous cichlids (Perciformes: Cichlidae) of the tribe Tropheini in Lake Tanganyika. Hydrobiologia 791, 83–101 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2761-3

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