Abstract
Odour complaints are frequent nowadays, particularly nearby industrial facilities emitting odorous compounds. Among all compounds susceptible of causing odour annoyance, reduced sulphur compounds (RSC) were studied, due to their unpleasant odour and low odour threshold. RSC ambient air mixing ratios, meteorological conditions and population complaints were analysed in an area of complex topography in order to identify their potential sources. Mixing ratios of three compounds, dimethyl sulphide (DMS), carbon disulphide (CDS) and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), were continuously monitored using an online gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MSD), which was placed in a mobile air quality monitoring unit. Measurement campaigns were performed during 2012 and 2013 for periods of 7–25 days in an urban area (four campaigns, N = 1368) and an urban area surrounded by industrial activities (three campaigns, N = 564). During such campaigns, RSC mixing ratios were frequently above their odour thresholds, which did not always involve citizen complaints. Average RSC ambient air mixing ratios tended to be lower in the urban area (DMS 0.06–0.33, CDS 0.05–0.10, DMDS 0.07–0.30 μg m−3) than in the industry surrounded one (DMS 0.30–2.39, 0.05–0.18, DMDS 0.09–0.62 μg m−3). The DMS/DMDS mixing ratio was frequently above 1, being a paper mill one of the main sources of RSC in the area. DMS/DMDS ratios below 1 were also recorded, suggesting a waste treatment plant as the RSC source or older air masses coming from the paper mill.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andreae, M. O. (1990). Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Marine Chemistry, 30, 1–29.
Bates, T. S., Lamb, B. K., Guenther, A., Dignon, J., & Stoiber, R. E. (1992). Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 14, 315–337.
Bokowa, A. H. (2010). The review of the odour legislation. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 3, 492–511.
Bordado, J. C., & Gomes, J. F. (2003). Emission and odour control in Kraft pulp mills. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 797–801.
Borrás, E., Tortajada-Genaro, L. A., & Muñoz, A. (2016). Determination of reduced sulfur compounds in air samples for the monitoring of malodor caused by landfills. Talanta, 148, 472–477.
Catalan, L. J. J., Walton, C., & Jia, C. Q. (2007). Effects of process changes on concentrations of individual malodorous sulphur compounds in ambient air near a Kraft pulp plant in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Air Pollution XV, 1, 437–447. Ed. WIT Press. ISBN 978–1–84564-067-5.
Dalton, P., Wysocki, C. J., Brody, M. J., & Lawley, H. J. (1997). The influence of cognitive bias on the perceived odor, irritation and health symptoms from chemical exposure. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 69, 407–417.
Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal of the European Communities 2008 L152:1. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:152:0001:0044:EN:PDF Accessed Jan 2017
European Pollutant Emission Register, PRTR-Euskadi. Available from: http://opendata.euskadi.eus/contenidos/ds_registros/e_prtr_euskadi_2013/es_eper/adjuntos/emisiones_fuentes_contaminantes_xls_2013.zip. Accessed Jan 2017
Fang, J. J., Yang, N., Cen, D. Y., Shao, L. M., & He, P. J. (2012). Odor compounds from different sources of landfill: characterization and source identification. Waste Management, 32, 1401–1410.
Goel, N., & Grasso, D. J. (2004). Olfactory discrimination and transient mood change in young men and women: variation by season, mood state, and time of day. Chronobiology International, 21, 691–719.
Gómez, M. C., Durana, N., Navazo, M., Alonso, L., García, J. A., & Ilardia, J. L. (2004). Application of validation data tests from an on-line volatile organic compound analyser to the detection of air pollution episodes in urban areas. Analytica Chimica Acta, 524, 41–49.
Gonzalez, J. L., Martínez, M., Gibert, M., Gibert, J., 2016a. Agilent mobile Laboratory for environmental applications. Application note. Available from: http://www.ingenieria-analitica.com/downloads/dl/file/id/816/product/0/app_note_mobile_lab_for_air_monitoring.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017.
González, J.L., Gibert, M., Martínez, M., Sánchez, A., 2016b. First European mobile laboratory for air toxics monitoring in pollution emergencies. Available from: http://www.ingenieria-analitica.com/downloads/dl/file/id/824/product/0/agilent_mobile_laboratory_for_air_toxics_monitoring_in_pollution_emergencies.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017.
Guo, H., Simpson, I. J., Ding, A. J., Wang, T., Saunders, S. M., Wang, T. J., & Rowland, F. S. (2010). Carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the Pearl River Delta of southern China: impact of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 3805–3813.
Van Harreveld, 2003. Odor regulation and the history of odor measurement in Europe. Chapter in: Odor Measurement Review, pp. 54–61. Available from: https://www.env.go.jp/en/air/odor/measure/02_1_3.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017
Hoffman, E., Bernier, M., Blotnicky, B., Golden, P. G., Janes, J., Kader, A., & Walker, T. R. (2015). Assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility: a Canadian case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 1–13.
Jaakkola, J. J., Partti-Pellinen, K., Marttila, O., Miettinen, P., Vilkka, V., & Haahtela, T. (1999). The South Karelia Air Pollution Study: changes in respiratory health in relation to emission reduction of malodorous sulfur compounds from pulp mills. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 54, 254–263.
Jeon, E. C., Sou, H. K., & Sa, J. H. (2009). Emission characteristics and factors of selected odorous compounds at a wastewater treatment plant. Sensors, 9, 311–326.
Kim, K. H. (2006). Emissions of reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) as a landfill gas (LFG): a comparative study of young and old landfill facilities. Atmospheric Environment, 40(34), 6567–6578.
Kim, K. H., Jeon, E. C., Choi, Y. J., & Koo, Y. S. (2006). The emission characteristics and the related malodor intensities of gaseous reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) in a large industrial complex. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 4478–4490.
Knasko, S. C. (1992). Ambient odor’s effect on creativity, mood, and perceived health. Chemical Senses, 17, 27–35.
Li, X., 2010. Fast Continuous Online Analysis of VOCs in Ambient Air using Agilent 5975 T LTM GC/MSD and Markes TD. Application note. Available from: http://hpst.cz/sites/default/files/attachments/5990-6321en-fast-continuous-online-analysis-vocs-ambient-air-using-5975t-ltm-gc-msd-and-markes-td.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017
Liang, C. C. V., 2008. Reduced sulphur compounds in ambient air and in emissions from wastewater clarifiers at a kraft pulp mill. Msc. Thesis. Univ. Of Toronto. Available from: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/10434/1/Liang_Chien_Chi_Victor_MASc_200803_thesis.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017
Meinardi, S., Simpson, I. J., Blake, N. J., Blake, D. R., & Rowland, F. S. (2003). Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions from biomass burning in Australia. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1454.
Muezzinoglu, A. (2003). A study of volatile organic sulfur emissions causing urban odors. Chemosphere, 51, 245–252.
Nagata, Y., Takeuchi, N., 2003. Measurement of odor threshold by triangle odor bag method. Odor Measurement Review, Office of Odor, Noise and Vibration Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 118–127. Available from https://www.env.go.jp/en/air/odor/eastasia_ws/2-1-5.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017.
Pal, R., Kim, K. H., Jeon, E. C., Song, S. K., Shon, Z. H., Park, S. Y., et al. (2009). Reduced sulfur compounds in ambient air surrounding an industrial region in Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 148, 109–125.
Rappert, S., & Müller, R. (2005). Odor compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries. Waste Management, 25, 887–907.
Ruth, J. H. (1986). Odor thresholds and irritation levels of several chemical substances: a review. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 47, A-142.
Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., 2016. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 3rd Edition. Ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978–1–118-94740-1.
Sheng, Y., Chen, F., Wang, X., Sheng, G., & Fu, J. (2008). Odorous volatile organic sulfides in wastewater treatment plants in Guangzhou, China. Water Environment Research, 80(4), 324–330.
Shusterman, D. (1992). Critical review: the health significance of environmental odor pollution. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 47, 76–87.
Song, S. K., Shon, Z. H., Kim, Y. K., Kim, C. H., Yoo, S. Y., & Park, S. H. (2009). Characteristics of malodor pollutants and aromatic VOCs around an urban valley in Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157(1–4), 259–275.
Sucker, K., Both, R., & Winneke, G. (2009). Review of adverse health effects of odours in field studies. Water Science and Technology, 59, 7.
Suhr, M., Klein, G., Kourti, I., Gonzalo, M. R, Giner, G, Roudier, S., Delgado, L. 2015. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference document for the production of pulp, paper and Board. JRC Science and Policy Reports. EUR 27235 EN. Publications Office of the European Union. Luxembourg. doi:10.2791/370629.
Uria-Tellaetxe, I., Navazo, M., de Blas, M., Durana, N., Alonso, L., & Iza, J. (2016). Gas-phase naphthalene concentration data recovery in ambient air and its relevance as a tracer of sources of volatile organic compounds. Atmospheric Environment, 131, 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.047.
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe, & World Health Organization, 2006. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/78638/E90038.pdf?ua=1 Accessed Jan 2017.
Wu, T., Wang, X., Li, D., & Yi, Z. (2010). Emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during aerobic decomposition of food wastes. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 5065–5071.
Wylie, P. L., Bates, M., Woolfenden, E., 2013. Screening for 171 volatile organic air pollutants using GC/MS with deconvolution reporting software and a new indoor air toxics library. Agilent Technologies, Publication. Available from: https://www.chem.agilent.com/Library/applications/5989-5435EN.pdf. Accessed Jan 2017
Yin, F., Grosjean, D., & Seinfeld, J. H. (1990). Photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. I: Mechanism development. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 11, 309–364.
Yu, C. H., Zhu, X., & Fan, Z. H. (2014). Spatial/temporal variations and source apportionment of VOCs monitored at community scale in an urban area. PloS One, 9(4), e95734.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Department of Environment and Territorial Policy of the Basque Government through the Euskoiker Foundation (Reference PT10291). Authors wish to thank the Basque Government for providing data and valuable information.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Blas, M., Navazo, M., Alonso, L. et al. Continuous measurement of atmospheric reduced sulphur compounds as key tracers between odour complaints and source apportionment. Environ Monit Assess 189, 102 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5800-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5800-2