Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Treating Veterans and Military Families: Evidence Based Practices and Training Needs Among Community Clinicians

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Little is known about the capacity of community providers to provide military informed evidence based services for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a regional, web-based survey of 352 community mental health care providers that sought to identify clinical practices, training needs, and predictors of evidence based treatment (EBT) use for PTSD. Overall, 49 % of providers indicated they seldom or never use a validated PTSD screening instrument. Familiarity with EBTs, specifically prolonged exposure (PE; χ2(4) = 14.68, p < .01) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT; χ2(4) = 4.55, p < .05), differed by provider type. Of providers who received training in PE or CPT (N = 121), 75 % reported using treatment in their practice, which was associated with having received clinical supervision (χ2 (1) = 20.16, p < .001). Widely disseminated trainings in empirically supported PTSD assessment and treatment, and implementation of case supervision in community settings are needed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bauer, M. S., Williford, W. O., McBride, L., McBride, K., & Shea, N. M. (2005). Perceived barriers to health care access in a treated population. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 35(1), 13–26. doi:10.2190/u1d5-8b1d-uw69-u1y4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L. A., Zeber, J. E., Bingham, M. O., Pugh, M. J., Noël, P. H., Schmacker, E. R., & Lawrence, V. A. (2011). Transition from military to VHA care: Psychiatric health services for Iraq/Afghanistan combat-wounded. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1–2), 226–230. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Veterans Affairs. (2010). Management of Post-Traumatic Stress Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines for management of post traumatic stress. Retrieved from http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ptsd/ptsd_full.pdf

  • Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences: Therapist guide. Treatments That Work. doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195308501.001.0001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamblen, J. L., Schnurr, P. P., Rosenberg, A., & Eftekhari, A. (2009). A guide to the literature on psychotherapy for PTSD. Psychiatric Annals, 39(6), 348–354. doi:10.3928/00485713-20090515-02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoge, C. W., Terhakopian, A., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., & Engel, C. C. (2007). Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 150–153. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, D. D., & Franco, S. J. (2013). NCHS urban–rural classification scheme for counties. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics, 2(166), DHHS Publication No. 2014–1366.

  • Karlin, B. E., Ruzek, J. I., Chard, K. M., Eftekhari, A., Monson, C. M., Hembree, E. A., et al. (2010). Dissemination of evidence-based psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in the Veterans Health Administration. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 663–673. doi:10.1002/jts.20588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Best, C. L., Smith D. W., Kudler, H., Cornelison-Grant, V. (2011). Serving those who have served: Educational needs of health care providers working with military. Charleston, SC: Medical University of South Carolina Department of Psychiatry, Natoinal Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koblinsky, S., Leslie, L. A., & Cook, E. T. (2014). Treating behavioral health conditions of OEF/OIF veterans and their families: A state needs assessment of civilian providers. Military Behavioral Health, 2(2), 162–172. doi:10.1080/21635781.2014.890884.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lew, H. L., Vanderploeg, R. D., Moore, D. F., Schwab, K., Friedman, L., Yesavage, J., et al. (2008). Overlap of mild TBI and mental health conditions in returning OIF/OEF service members and veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45(3), xi–xvi. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18629743

  • Meichenbaum, D. (1985). Stress inoculation therapy. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Council for Behavioral Health. (2012). Meeting the behavioral health needs of veterans. Retrieved from http://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Veterans-BH-Needs-Report.pdf.

  • Noy, C. (2008). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, B. D., Kragh, J. F., Wenke, J. C., Macaitis, J., Wade, C. E., & Holcomb, J. B. (2008). Combat wounds in operation Iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom. The Journal of Trauma, 64(2), 295–299. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318163b875.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 748–756. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.5.748.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schell, T. L., & Marshall, G. N. (2008). Survey of individuals previously deployed for OEF/OIF. In T. Tanielian & L. H. Jaycox (Eds.), Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and servcies to assist recovery (pp. 81–115). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Center for Military Health Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. (2001). Enhancing self-belief with EMDR: Developing a sense of mastery in the early phase of treatment. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 55(4), 531–542. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11824218

  • Stein, M. B., & McAllister, T. W. (2009). Exploring the convergence of posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(7), 768–776. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08101604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanielian, T., Epley, C., Farmer, C. M., Engel, C. C., & Jaycox, L. H. (2014). Ready to serve. Community-based provider capacity to deliver culturally competent, quality mental health care to veterans and their families. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veterans Health Administration. (2013). Analysis of VA health care utilization among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) veterans, (January), 1–13. Retrieved from http://www.publichealth.va.gov/epidemiology/reports/oefoifond/health-care-utilization/index.asp

  • Veterans’ Access to Care Through Choice, Accountability and Transparency Act of 2014. (2014). https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2450

  • Vogt, D., Fox, A. B., & Di Leone, B. A. L. (2014). Mental health beliefs and their relationship with treatment seeking among U.S. OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(3), 307–313. doi:10.1002/jts.21919.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Washington, D. L., Bean-Mayberry, B., Riopelle, D., & Yano, E. M. (2011). Access to care for women veterans: Delayed healthcare and unmet need. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(Suppl 2), 655–661.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by education focused grants from Welcome Back Veterans and the McCormick Foundation, as well as from the Bob Woodruff Foundation. The authors thank Dr. Terri Tanielian and the RAND Corporation for their guidance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lauren K. Richards.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Richards, L.K., Bui, E., Charney, M. et al. Treating Veterans and Military Families: Evidence Based Practices and Training Needs Among Community Clinicians. Community Ment Health J 53, 215–223 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-016-0013-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-016-0013-7

Keywords

Navigation