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Ongoing invasions of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis: a global review

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Abstract

We conducted a literature review on the current status of all known extralimital populations of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, to identify commonality in invasion pathways, lag between discovery and introduction, and whether old populations are in decline. Further, we investigated which locations are vulnerable to future establishment using geospatial data (1,075 native and 124 invasive records) in a Maxent model developed with data from the Worldclim database. We found introductions of X. laevis to be continuous over the last 50 years and invasions to be ongoing on four continents: Asia, Europe, North and South America. Invasion pathways were related to scientific use and the pet trade, with high rates of deliberate release followed by a lag of 2–25 years to first reports. No populations were found to be declining although some have been extirpated. Optimal uninvaded bioclimatic space was identified in central Mexico and southern Australia, while larger suitable areas were found in southern South America and southwestern Europe. Xenopus laevis is a cryptic invasive species that is likely to increase its invasive distribution, through new introductions and by the spread of ongoing invasions. Many more invasive populations are likely to exist than are currently recognised and reducing invasive potential will largely rely on education of those involved with their captive care.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all those colleagues who were able to share and clarify information on reports of extralimital populations of X. laevis. Two anonymous reviewers and Fred Kraus provided constructive feedback which improved the quality of the manuscript. GJM would like to thank the Royal Society (UK), the European Union (HPMF-CT-2001-01407) and NERC (UK) who supplied funding for field-work in Chile, USA, France and UK. We would also like to thank all contributors to the South African Frog Atlas Project for data on X. laevis occurrence in South Africa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

    G. J. Measey

  2. Section of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany

    D. Rödder

  3. Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    S. L. Green

  4. Center for Toki and Ecological Restoration (CTER), Niigata University, 1101-1 Niibo-katagami, Sado-City, Niigata, 952-0103, Japan

    R. Kobayashi

  5. Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale e Biodiveristà, Universita’ di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy

    F. Lillo

  6. Centro de Vida Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2, Correo 15, La Granja, Santiago, Chile

    G. Lobos

  7. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    R. Rebelo

  8. Association Objectifs BIOdiversitéS (OBIOS), 22 rue du docteur Gilbert, 17250, Pont-l’abbé-d’Arnoult, France

    J.-M. Thirion

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  1. G. J. Measey
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  5. F. Lillo
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  6. G. Lobos
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Correspondence to G. J. Measey.

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Measey, G.J., Rödder, D., Green, S.L. et al. Ongoing invasions of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis: a global review. Biol Invasions 14, 2255–2270 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0227-8

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