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Differences in foraging ecology align with genetically divergent ecotypes of a highly mobile marine top predator

  • Behavioral ecology - Original research
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Abstract

Foraging differentiation within a species can contribute to restricted gene flow between ecologically different groups, promoting ecological speciation. Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) show genetic and morphological divergence between the western and central archipelago, possibly as a result of an ecologically mediated contrast in the marine habitat. We use global positioning system (GPS) data, time-depth recordings (TDR), stable isotope and scat data to compare foraging habitat characteristics, diving behaviour and diet composition of Galapagos sea lions from a western and a central colony. We consider both juvenile and adult life stages to assess the potential role of ontogenetic shifts that can be crucial in shaping foraging behaviour and habitat choice for life. We found differences in foraging habitat use, foraging style and diet composition that aligned with genetic differentiation. These differences were consistent between juvenile and adult sea lions from the same colony, overriding age-specific behavioural differences. Our study contributes to an understanding of the complex interaction of ecological condition, plastic behavioural response and genetic make-up of interconnected populations.

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Acknowledgments

The present study was performed under the permit nos. PC-11-08 and PC-043-09 of the National Park Service, Galapagos and financed by the German Science Foundation (grant TR 105/19-1) and National Geographic (grant no. 8682-09). We received highly appreciated material sponsorship by Panasonic, Ortlieb, Zarges and Huntsmann Advanced Materials. The Charles Darwin Research Station and the National Park Service provided logistic support during fieldwork. We thank David Anchundia, Enzo Garcia Bartholomei, Paddy Brock, Valentina Francu-Trecu, Melinda Fowler, Matthias Marquardt, Gitte MacDonald, Sara Maxwell, Manuel Meija, Birte Müller, Diego Paéz-Rosas, Patrick Robinson, Maria Szphegyi, Michael Tift and Stella Villegas-Amtmann for their help in the field. Stephanie Kramer-Schadt gave helpful advice on data processing, Barbara Teichner and Elke Hippauf helped with lab work, Kristine Meise helped with genetic data processing and Andrea Florez sorted the OTs. Mark S. Lowry, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Atmospheric Administration, identified the otoliths using the John Fitch Otolith Collection at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California. Judy Stamps, Julien Claude and three anonymous referees provided helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This publication is contribution no. 2121 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands.

Author contribution statement

F. T. and J. B. W. W. formulated the original idea and F. T. and J. W. E. J. designed the study. J. W. E. J., F. T. and D. P. C. collected the data, J. W. E. J. analysed the data, with support from C. W.  for stable isotope lab work and from J. B. W. W. for genetic data analysis. J. W. E. J. wrote the manuscript and other authors provided editorial advice.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Jana W. E. Jeglinski

  2. Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

    Jochen B. W. Wolf

  3. Department of Agroecosystem Research, BAYCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Christiane Werner

  4. Department of Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

    Christiane Werner

  5. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Daniel P. Costa

  6. Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

    Jana W. E. Jeglinski & Fritz Trillmich

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  1. Jana W. E. Jeglinski
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  2. Jochen B. W. Wolf
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Correspondence to Jana W. E. Jeglinski.

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Communicated by Jörg U. Ganzhorn.

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Jeglinski, J.W.E., Wolf, J.B.W., Werner, C. et al. Differences in foraging ecology align with genetically divergent ecotypes of a highly mobile marine top predator. Oecologia 179, 1041–1052 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3424-1

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