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A Review on the Status of Mercury Pollution in Pakistan: Sources and Impacts

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Abstract

Mercury (Hg) contamination in environmental matrices and associated human exposure has been recognized as a critical long-lasting issue worldwide. However, studies are still elusive that summarized the overall status of Hg pollution and its impacts on public health in Pakistan. Hence, this review encompasses the environmental prevalence, potential sources, and human exposure tendencies to Hg contamination in Pakistan. Reviewed literature revealed jolting levels of Hg in various environmental samples, such as dust, soil, water, and air collected from the residential and industrial areas. Inhalation of Hg via dust particle was identified as the primary pathway for human exposure, while atmospheric deposition and gold mining are identified as the two primary sources of Hg contamination in the environment. Considering human exposure, the highest bioaccumulation of Hg was ranged from 5885 to 8698 µg/kg in hair samples collected from the residents of the Kashmir Valley, Pakistan. However, in the lower Himalayan regions, including Islamabad and Swabi, the concentration of Hg in hair samples was reported at 1085 µg/kg, slightly beyond WHO devised reference dose (RfD) of Hg (1000 µg/kg). This review revealed the worst scenario of Hg contamination in human biomatrices and environmental compartments in Pakistan, which needed immediate rehabilitation measures.

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Acknowledgements

The current work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFD0800302) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (4157312).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China

    Waqar Ali, Muhammad Wajahat Aslam, Atta Rasool & Hua Zhang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Waqar Ali, Muhammad Wajahat Aslam & Atta Rasool

  3. Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Muhammad Junaid

  4. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Kamran Ali

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  1. Waqar Ali
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  2. Muhammad Junaid
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  3. Muhammad Wajahat Aslam
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  4. Kamran Ali
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Correspondence to Hua Zhang.

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Ali, W., Junaid, M., Aslam, M.W. et al. A Review on the Status of Mercury Pollution in Pakistan: Sources and Impacts. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 76, 519–527 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00613-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00613-0

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