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Effect of variations in vacuum deoxidation technique on nonmetallic inclusions

  • 23rd Electric Furnace Conference
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Conclusions

Studies of the distribution and composition of nonmetallic inclusions found in vacuum-deoxidized 8-ton 0.20% carbon steel ingots showed that:

  1. 1.

    Ladle-to-mold stream degassing, without strong deoxidants but with a slag-off prior to tap, produced fully-killed ingots averaging less than 0.0020% oxygen.

  2. 2.

    Large complex inclusions were found concentrated in the axial portion of the bottom one-third of the ingots. Practice variations had no effect on this distribution.

  3. 3.

    Calcium, as detected by micro-probe analysis, was the major constituent in the complex inclusions. This calcium was traced to entrained furnace slag. A slag-off prior to tap significantly improved the cleanliness of the steel.

  4. 4.

    A gradient addition of 0.05% aluminum added during stream degassing showed that only 50% of the oxygen was removed during free fall in vacuum. Numerous endogenous deoxidation products resulted from the aluminum addition. Coalescence of slag particles was inhibited.

  5. 5.

    A gradient addition of 0.05% silicon did not affect vacuum de-oxidation. Composition of the calcium-rich inclusions was not altered.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. steelmaking section, research department, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa., USA

    G. H. Ockenhouse (engineer) & J. E. Werner (supervisor)

Authors
  1. G. H. Ockenhouse
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  2. J. E. Werner
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Ockenhouse, G.H., Werner, J.E. Effect of variations in vacuum deoxidation technique on nonmetallic inclusions. JOM 18, 52–58 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03378402

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03378402

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