Abstract
Traditionally, the toxic effects of petroleum have been investigated by conducting studies in the absence of ultraviolet radiation (UV). Photomediated toxicity is often not considered, and the toxic effects of an oil spill can be grossly underestimated. The toxicity of a weathered oil collected from a monitoring well at an abandoned oil field toCeriodaphnia dubia was examined in the presence of UV. A solar simulator equipped with UVB, UVA, and cool white lamps was used to generate environmentally comparable solar radiation intensities.C. dubia were exposed to six concentrations of water accommodated fractions (WAF) of weathered oil in conjunction with three levels of laboratory simulated UV (Reference = < 0.002 μW/cm2UVB; 3.0 μW/cm2 UVA; Low = 0.30 μW/cm2 UVB; 75.0 μW/cm2 UVA; High = 2.0 μW/cm2 UVB; 340.0 μW/cm2 UVA) and visible light. Seven day static renewal bioassays were used to characterize WAF/UV toxicity. WAF toxicity significantly (p < 0.05) increased when the organisms were exposed to WAF in the presence of UV. The photoenhanced toxicity of the WAF increased with WAF concentration within each UV regime. Relative to the reference light regime, the average number of neonates from adults exposed to 1.6 mg TPH/L decreased significantly by 20% within the low light regime, and by 60% within the high light regime. These results indicate that organisms exposed to dissolved-phase weathered oil in the presence of environmentally realistic solar radiation, exhibit 1.3–2.5 times greater sensitivity, relative to organisms exposed under traditional laboratory fluorescent lighting.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allred, P.M.;Giesy, J.P. (1985): Solar radiation-induced toxicity of anthracene toDaphnia pulex. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:219–226
Anderson, J.W.;Neff, J.M.;Cox, B.A.;Tatem, H.E.;Hightower, G.M. (1974): Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish. Mar. Biol. 27:75–88
Barron, M.G.;Podrabsky, T.;Ogle, S.;Ricker, R.W. (1999): Do aromatic hydrocarbons determine petroleum toxicity to aquatic organisms? Aquatic Toxicology 46:253–268
Barron, M.G.; Little, E.E.; Calfee, R.D.; Diamond, S. (In Press, 1999): Quantifying solar spectral radiation in aquatic habitats for the assessment of photoenhanced toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
Cleveland, L.; Little, E.E.; Calfee, R.D.; Barron, M.G. (In Press, 1999): Photoenhanced Toxicity of Weathered oil toMysidopsis bahia. Aquatic Toxicology
Davenport, R.;Spacie, A. (1991): Acute phototoxicity of harbor and tributary sediments from lower Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 17:51–56
Dean, T.A.;Jewett, S.C.;Laur, D.R.;Smith, R.O. (1996): Injury to epibenthic invertebrates resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In: Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium Volume 18.S.D. Rice, R.B. Spies, D.A. Wolf, andB.A. Wright, Eds., AFS, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp. 424–439
Foote, C.S. (1991): Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation. Photochem. Photobiol. 54:659
Hollister, T.A.;Ward, G.S.;Parrish, P.R. (1980): Acute toxicity of No. 6 fuel oil to marine organisms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24(5):656–661
Holst, L.L.;Giesy, J.P. (1989): Chronic effects of photoenhanced toxicity of anthracene onDaphnia magna reproduction. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:933–942
Hooten, A.J.;Highsmith, R.C. (1996): Impacts on selected intertidal invertebrates in Herring Bay, Prince William Sound, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In: Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium Volume 18.S.D. Rice, R.B. Spies, D.A. Wolf, andB.A. Wright, Eds., AFS, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp. 249–270
Hurtubise, R.D.;Havel, J.E.;Little, E.E. (1998): The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on freshwater invertebrates: Experiments with a solar simulator. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43(6):1082–1088
Kagan, J.;Want, T.P.;Benight, A.S.;Tuveson, R.W.;Wang, G.R.;Fu, P.P. (1990): The phototoxicity of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of environmental importance. Chemosphere 20:453–466
Korn, S.;Moles, D.A.;Rice, S.D. (1979): Effects of temperature on the median tolerance limit of pink salmon and shrimp exposed to toluene, naphthalene, and Cook Inlet crude oil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21(4-5):521–525
Kosian, P.A.;Makynen, E.A.;Monson, P.D.;Mount, D.R.;Spacie, A.;Mekenyan, O.G.;Ankley, G.T. (1998): Application of toxicity-based fractionation techniques and structure activity relationship models for the identification of phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment pore water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:1021–1033
Laflamme, R.E.;Hites, R.A. (1978): The global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 43:298–303
Little, E.E.;Fabacher, D. (1996): Exposure of freshwater fish to simulated solar UVB radiation. Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology,G.K. Ostrander, ED., CRC Press, Inc., New York, pp. 141–158
Little, E.E.; Calfee, R.D.; Cleveland, L.; Barron, M.G. (In Press, 1999a): Photoenhanced Toxicity of Weathered oil to the Tidewater Silverside. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem
Little, E.E.; Calfee, R.D.; Cleveland, L.; Zaga, A.; Skinker, R.; Barron, M.G. (In Press, 1999b): Photoenhanced Toxicity in Amphibians: Synergistic Interactions of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Aquatic Contaminants. Herpetological Natural History
Markarian, R.K.; Nicolette, J.P., Barber, T; Giese, L. (1995): A Critical Review of Toxicity Values and an Evaluation of the Persistence of Petroleum Products for Use in Natural Resource Damage Assessments. American Petroleum Institute Publication Number 4594, January
Marty, G.D.;Short, J.W.;Dambach, D.M.;Willits, N.H.;Heintz, R.A.;Rice, S.D.;Stegeman, J.J.;Hinton, D.E. (1997): Ascites, premature emergence, increased gonadal cell aptosis, and cytochrome P450IA induction in pink salmon larvae continuously exposed to oil-contaminated gravel during development. Can. J. Zool. 75:989–1007
Mekenyan, O.G.;Ankley, G.T.;Veithe, G.D.;Call, D.J. (1994): QSARs for phototoxicity. I. Acute lethality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons toDaphnia magna. Chemosphere 28:567–582
Moles, A. (1980): Sensitivity of parasitized coho salmon fry to crude oil, toluene, and naphthalene. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109(3): 293–297
Newsted, J.L.;Giesy, J.P. (1987): Predictive models for photoinduced acute toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons toDaphnia magna, Strauss (Cladocera, Crustacea) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:445–461
Nounou, P. (1980): Oil spill age: fate and effects of oil in the marine environment. Ambio 9(6):297–302
Pelletier, M.;Burgess, R.M.;Ho, K.T.;Kuhn, A.;McKinney, R.A.;Ryba, S.A. (1997): Phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum to marine invertebrate larvae and juveniles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(10): 2190–2199
Rice, S.D.; Short, J.W.; Brodersen, C.C.; Mecklenburg, T.A.; Moles, D.A.; Misch, C.J.; Cheatham, D.L.; Karinen, J.F. (1976): Acute toxicity and uptake-depuration studies with Cook Inlet crude oil, Prudhoe Bay crude oil, No. 2 fuel oil, and several subarctic marine organisms. Northwest Fisheries Center Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory. Processed Report, 86 pp
SAS Institute (1989): SAS®/STAT Users Guide. Version 6, 4th edition, 2 volumes. Cary, North Carolina, USA
Southworth, G.R.;Beauchamp, J.J.;Schmieder, P.K. (1978): Bioaccumulation potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sci. Total Environ. 12:973–977
Weber, C.I.; Peltier, W.H.; Norberg-King, T.J.; Horning, W.B. II; Kessler, F.A.; Menkedick, J.R.; et al. (1989): Short term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms (2nd edition). EPA Report #600/ 4-89/001
Werthemer, A.C.;Celewycz, A.G.;Carls, M.G.;Sturdevant, M.V. (1994): The impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on juvenile pink and chum salmon and their prey in nearshore marine habitats. In: Northwest Pacific Pink and Chum Salmon Workshop. Alaska Sea Grant Program, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, pp. 179–180
Wertheimer, A.C.;Bax, N.J.;Celewycz, A.G.;Carls, M.G.;Landingham, J.H. (1996): Harpacticoid copepod abundance and population structure in Prince William Sound, one year after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In: Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium Volume 18.S.D. Rice, R.B. Spies, D.A. Wolf, andB.A. Wright, Eds, AFS, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp. 551–563
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Calfee, R.D., Little, E.E., Cleveland, L. et al. Photoenhanced toxicity of a weathered oil onCeriodaphnia dubia reproduction. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. 6, 207–212 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987329
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987329