Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A sternal gland in the Siamang Gibbon(Hylobates syndactylus)

  • Published:
International Journal of Primatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present report gives the first description of a sternal gland in the siamang gibbon, Hylobates syndactylus,and the first histological examination of a sternal gland in a hominoid primate other than the orang-utan. The gland does not seem to be used for any kind of marking behavior, in contrast to the sternal glands in many other primates and some other mammals. The sternal gland of the siamang may be derived from a marking gland which specialized secondarily to serve parallel functions like those served by the axillary organs of humans and the African apes. A role of the gland in olfactory communication and a possible minor role in thermoregulation are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arao, T., and Perkins, E. (1969). The skin of primates. XLIII. Further observations on the Philippine tarsier(Tarsius syrichta).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 31: 93–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bearder, S. K., and Doyle, G. A. (1974). Ecology of bushbabiesGalago senegalensis andGalago crassicaudatus, with some notes on their behaviour in the field. In Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., and Walker, A. C. (eds.),Prosimian Biology, Duckworth, London, pp. 109–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S. (1965). Activity patterns in a cebus monkey group.Folia primatol. 3: 211–224.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourlière, F., Petter, J.-J., and Petter-Rousseaux, A. (1956). Le dimorphisme sexuel de la glande sous-angulo-maxillaire d’Avahilaniger (Gmelin). Mém. Inst., Sci. Madagascar, Sér. A. 10: 299–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, H. O. (1975). Quantitative studies of behaviour within captive groups of marmoset monkeys(Callithrix jacchus).Primates 16: 155–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandes, G. (1939).Buschi. Vom Orang-SÄugling zum Backenwülster, Quelle und Meyer, Leipzig.

  • Brinkmann, A. (1909). Ueber das Vorkommen von Hautdrüsenorganen bei den anthropomorphen Affen.Anal. Anzeiger 34: 513–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, A. (1923-1924). Nachlese zu meinen Hautdrüsenuntersuchungen.Bergens Museums Aarbok, Naturvidenskabelig Raekke 1923-24 (3): 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, A. (1926). Ein paar Bemerkungen zu den neusten Untersuchungen der Hautdrüsen bei den anthropomorphen Affen.Anal. Anzeiger 62: 236–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivers, D. J. (1974). The siamang in Malaya: A field study of a primate in tropical rain forest.Contrib. Primatol. 4: 1–335.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chivers, D. J. (1976). Communication within and between family groups of siamang(Symphalangus syndactylus).Behaviour 57: 116–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivers, D. J. (1977). The lesser apes. In Prince Rainier III of Monaco and Bourne, G. H. (eds.),Primate Conservation, Academic Press, New York, pp. 539–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivers, D. J., and Gittins, S. P. (1978). Diagnostic features of gibbon species.Int. Zoo Yearbook 18: 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivers, D. J., and Raemaekers, J. J. (1980). Long-term changes in behaviour. In Chivers, D. J. (ed.),Malayan Forest Primates: Ten Years’ Study in a Tropical Rain Forest, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 209–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christen, A. (1974). Fortpflanzungsbiologie und Verhalten beiCebuella pygmaea undTamarin tamarin (Primates, Platyrrhina, Callithricidae).Fortschritte der Verhallensforschung (Beihefte zurZ. Tierpsychol.) 14, Parey, Berlin and Hamburg.

  • Clark, A. B. (1978). Olfactory communication,Galago crassicaudatus, and the social life of prosimians. In Chivers, D. J., and Joysey, K. A. (eds.),Recent Advances in Primatology 3: Evolution, Academic Press, London, pp. 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. B. (1986). Contrast in communication ofGalago crassicaudatus andG. garnettii. Primate Report 14: 216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, R. (1982). Beobachtungen zur Aufzucht eines mÄnnlichen Weissgesichtsakis(Pithecia pithecia) im Familienveband.Zool. Garten (NF) 52: 188–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dandelot, P. (1960). Gracieux et merveilleux acrobates: Les gibbons.Sci. Nature 39: 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixson, A. F. (1976). Effects of testosterone on the sternal cutaneous glands and genitalia of the male greater galago(Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus).Folia primatol. 26: 207–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dobroruka, L. J. (1972). Social communication in the brown capuchinCebus apella. Int. Zoo Yearbook 12: 43–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doty, R. L. (1981). Olfactory communication in humans.Chem. Senses 6: 351–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doty, R. L., Orndorff, M. M., Leyden, J., and Kligman, A. (1978). Communication of gender from human axillary odors: Relationship to perceived intensity and hedonicity.Behav. Biot. 23: 373–380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dugmore, S. J. (1986). Behavioural observations on a pair of captive white-faced saki monkeys(Pithecia pithecia).Folia primatol. 46: 83–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, J. F. (1976). Communication mechanisms and social integration in the black spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps robustus, and related species.Smithson. Contr. Zool. 213, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, J. F., and Kleiman, D. G. (1972). Olfactory communication in mammals,Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 3: 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, R. A., and Montagna, W. (1962). The skin of primates. VI. The skin of the gorilla(Gorilla gorilla).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 20: 79–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epple, G. (1972). Social communication by olfactory signals in marmosets.Int. Zoo Yearbook 12: 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epple, G., and Lorenz, R. (1967). Vorkommen, Morphologie und Funktion der Sternaldrüse bei den Platyrrhini.Folia primatol. 7: 98–126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fadem, B. H., and Cole, E. A. (1985). Scent-marking in the grey short-tailed opossum(Monodelphis domestica).Anim. Behav. 33: 730–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, W. (1957). Beobachtungen zum Markierungsverhalten einiger SÄugetiere.Z. SÄugetierk. 22: 57–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, D. M., and Perkins, E. M. (1970). The skin of the chimpanzee. In Bourne, G. H. (ed.),The Chimpanzee, Vol. 3, Karger, Basel, pp. 82–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, G. J. (1972). Some comparisons between siamang and gibbon behaviour.Folia primatol. 18: 122–139.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartlan, J. S., and Brain, C. K. (1968). Ecology and social variability inCercopithecus aethiops and C.mitis. In Jay, P. C. (ed.),Primates. Studies in Adaptation and Variability, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 253–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautier, J.-P., and Gautier, A. (1977). Communication in Old World monkeys. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.),How Animals Communicate, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and London, pp. 890–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geissmann, T. (1986). Mate change enhances duetting activity in the siamang gibbon(Hylobates syndactylus).Behaviour 96: 17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves, C. P. (1984). A new look at the taxonomy and phylogeny of the gibbons. In Preuschoft,^ H., Chivers, D. J., Brockelman, W. Y., and Creel, N. (eds.),The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 542–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, L. S., and Gordon, G. (1982). The throat-pouch of the yellow-bellied bat,Taphozous flaviventris. Mammalia 46: 247–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, G., and Montagna, W. (1962). The skin of primates. XII. The skin of the owl monkey(Aötus trivirgatus).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 20: 421–430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. (1944). An undescribed feature in the drill(Mandrillus leucophaeus).Nature 153: 199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. (1951). Epigastric gland of Tarsius.Nature 167: 994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. (1954). Sternal glands in the genus Mandrillus.J. Anat. 88: 582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. (1955).Primates. Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. II. Haplorhini: Tarsioidea, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. (1960).Primates. Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. IV. Cebidae, Part A, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. (1970).Primates. Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. VIII. Cynopithecinae: Papio, Mandrillus, Theropithecus, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O., Porter, A., and Southwick, M. D. (1952). The natural history, endoparasites and pseudo-parasites of the tarsiers(Tarsius carbonarus) recently living in the Society’s menagerie.Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 122: 79–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O., Appleyard, H. M., and Auber, L. (1959). The specialized area of skin glands inAotes Humboldt(Simiae, Platyrrhini).Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 63: 535–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hold, B., and Schleidt, M. (1977). The importance of human odour in non-verbal communication.Z. Tierpsychol. 43: 225–238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holst, D. V. (1974). Social stress in the three-shrew: Its causes and physiological and ethological consequences. In Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., and Walker, A. C. (eds.),Prosimian Biology, Duckworth, London, pp. 389–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, C. S., and Smith, J. D. (1984). Histology of a sexually dimorphic integumentary gland inMacroglossus lagochilus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae).J. Mammal. 65: 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izawa, K. (1978). A field study of the ecology and behavior of the black-mantle tamarin(Saguinus nigricollis).Primates 19: 241–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, A. (1966).Lemur Behavior. A Madagascar Field Study, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamichi, T., and Kawamichi, M. (1979). Spatial organization and territory of tree shrews(Tupaia glis).Anim. Behav. 27: 381–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keele, C. A., Neil, E., and Joels, N. (1982).Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology, 13th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinzey, W. G. (1981). The titi monkey, genusCallicebus. In Coimbra-Filho, A. F., and Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.),Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Prinates, Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 241–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klaar, J. (1924). Ueber die axillaren KnÄueldrüsen der Affen.Z. Anat. EntwGesch. 72:609–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiman, D. G., and Mack, D. S. (1980). Effects of age, sex, and reproductive status on scent marking frequencies in the golden lion tamarin,Leontopithecus rosalia. Folia primatol. 33: 1–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, L., and Klein, D. (1971). Aspects of social behaviour in a colony of spider monkeysAteles geoffroyi at San FranciscoZoo. Int. Zoo Yearbook 11: 175–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labows, J. N., McGinley, K. J., and Kligman, A. M. (1982). Perspectives on axillary odor.J. Soc. cosmet. Chem. 34: 193–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loireau, J. N., and Gautier-Hion, A. (in press). Olfactory making behaviour in guenons: ecological and evolutionary correlates. In Bourlière, F., Gautier, J.-P., Gautier-Hion, A., and Kingdon, J. (eds.),Biology of the African Guenons, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

  • Machida, H., Perkins, E., and Hu, F. (1967). The skin of primates. XXXV. The skin of the squirrel monkey(Saimiri sciurea).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 26: 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, D. S., and Kleiman, D. G. (1978). Distribution of scent marks in different contexts in captive lion tamarinsLeontopithecus rosalia (Primates). In Rothe, H., Wolkers, H. J., and Hearn, J. P. (eds.),Biology and Behaviour of Marmosets, Eigenverlag Hartmut Rothe, Göttingen, pp. 181–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marier, P. (1965). Communication in monkeys and apes. In De Vore, I. (ed.).Primate Behavior. Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 544–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marier, P., and Tenaza, R. R. (1977). Signaling behavior of apes with special reference to vocalization. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.),How Animals Communicate, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 965–1033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. T., and Marshall, E. R. (1976). Gibbons and their territorial songs.Science 193: 235–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. T., Sugardjito, J., and Markaya, M. (1984). Gibbons of thelar group: Relationships based on voice. In Preuschoft, H., Chivers, D. J., Brockelman, W. Y., and Creel, N. (eds.),The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 533–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. D. (1968). Reproduction and ontogeny in tree-shrews(Tupaia belangeri), with reference to their general behaviour and taxonomic relationships.Z. Tierpsychol. 25: 409–495, 505–532.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, W. A. (1966). Social organization of the South American monkeyCallicebus moloch: A preliminary report.Tulane Stud. Zool. 13: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertl-Millhollen, A. S. (1979). Olfactory demarcation of territorial boundaries by a primate-Propithecus verreouxi. Folia primatol. 32: 35–42 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W. (1962).The Structure and Function of Skin, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W. (1972). The skin.of nonhuman primates.Am. Zool. 12: 109–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W. (1981). The evolution of human skin.Giorn. Hal. Dermatol. Venereol. 116: 139–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W. (1982). The evolution of human skin. In Chiarelli, A. B., and Corruccini, R. S. (eds.),Advanced Views in Primate Biology, Springer, Berlin, pp. 35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W. (1985). The evolution of human skin(?).J. Hum. Evol. 14: 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W., and Ellis, R. A. (1960). The skin of primates. II. The skin of the slender loris(Loris lardigradus).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 18: 19–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W., and Ellis, R. A. (1963). New approaches to the study of the skin of primates. In Buettner-Janusch, J. (ed.),Evolutionary and Genetic Biology of Primates, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 1, pp. 179–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W., and Yun, J. S. (1962). The skin of primates. VIII. The skin of the anubis baboon(Papio doguera).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 20: 131–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W., and Yun, J. S. (1963). The skin of primates. XV. The skin of the chimpanzee(Pan satyrus).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 21: 189–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mootnick, A. (1984). Census of gibbons in North America. In Preuschoft, H., Chivers, D. J., Brockelman, W. Y., and Creel, N. (eds.),The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 61–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan, M. (1966). Communication in the titi monkey,Callicebus. J. Zool. (London) 150: 77–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mykytowycz, R. (1970). The role of skin glands in mammalian communication. In Johnson, J. W., Moulton, D. G., and Turk, A. (eds.).Advances in Chemoreception.Vol. 1. Communication by Chemical Signals, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp. 327–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parakkal, P., Montagna, W., and Ellis, R. A. (1962). The skin of primates. XI. The skin of the white-browed gibbon(Hylobates hoolock).Anat. Rec. 143: 169–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, E. M. (1966). The skin of primates. XXXI. The skin of the black-collared tamarin(Tamarinus nigricollis).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 25: 41–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, E. M. (1968). The skin of primates. XXXVI. The skin of the pigmy marmoset — Callithrix (=Cebuella) pygmaea.Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 29: 349–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, E. M. (1969a). The skin of primates. XXIV. The skin of Goeldi’s marmoset(Callimico goeldii).Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 30: 231–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, E. M. (1969b). The skin of primates, XLI. The skin of the silver marmoset —Callithrix (=Mico) argentata.Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 30: 361–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petter, J.-J. (1965). The lemurs of Madagascar. In De Vore, I. (ed.),Primate Behavior. Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 292–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petter, J.-J., Albignac, R., and Rumpier, Y. (1977). Mammifères lémuriens (Primates prosimiens).Faune de Madagascar, Vol. 44, Orstom, CNRS, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock, R. I. (1952). The external characters of the catarrhine monkeys and apes.Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1925: 1479–1579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock, R. I. (1944). Pectoral gland in apes and monkeys.Nature (London) 153: 381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poglayen-Neuwall, I. (1962). BeitrÄge zu einem Ethogramm des WickelbÄren (Polos flavus Schreber).Z. SÄugetierk. 27: 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poglayen-Neuwall, I. (1966). On the marking behavior of the Kinkajou (Potos flavus Schreber).Zoologica (Stuttgart) 51: 137–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard, A. (1974). Patterns of mating inPropithecus verreauxi verreauxi. In Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., and Walker, A. C. (eds.),Prosimian Biology, Duckworth, London, pp. 49–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeis, B. (1968).Mikroskopische Technik, Oldenbourg Verlag, Müchen and Wien.

  • Rumpier, Y., and Andriamiandra, A. (1971). étude histologique des glandes de marquage de la face antérieure du cou des Lémuriens malgaches.C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris 165: 436–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. M. (1976). Human olfactory communication.Nature (London) 260: 520–522.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, I. T. (1949-1950). A brief review of the mammals of Suriname (Dutch Guiana), based upon a collection made in 1938.Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 199: 755–789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, E. G. F. (1974). Zur Biologie der Zwerg- und Riesengalagos.Z. Kölner Zoo 17 (2):-67–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, J. (1940).Die Hautdrüsenorgane der SÄugetiere mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihres histologischen Aufbaues und Bemerkungen über die ProktodÄaldrüsen, Urban and Schwarzenberg, Berlin and Wien.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiefferdecker, P. (1922). Die Hautdrüsen des Menschen und der SÄugetiere, ihre biologische und rassenanatomische Bedeutung, sowie die Muscularis sexualis.Zoologica (Stuttgart) 27(72): 1–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schifter, H. (1968). Zucht und Markierungsverhalten von Wollaffen im Zoologischen Garten Zürich.Zool. Gart. (NF) 36: 107–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilling, D. (1984a). Gibbons in European zoos, with notes on the identification of subspecies of concolor gibbon. In Preuschoft, H., Chivers, D. J., Brockelman, W. Y., and Creel, N. (eds.),The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilling, D. (1984b). Letter to the editor.Primate Rep. 11: 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleidt, M., and Hold, B. (1982a). Human odour and identity. In Breipohl, W. (ed.),Olfaction and Endocrine Regulation, IRL Press, London, pp. 181–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleidt, M., and Hold, B. (1982b). Human axillary odour: Biological and cultural variables. In Steiner, J. E. (ed.),Determination of Behaviour by Chemical Stimuli, IRL Press, London, pp. 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, A. H. (1921). The occurrence of a sternal gland in organg-utan.J. Mammal. 2: 194–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultze-Westrum, T. (1965). Innerartliche VerstÄndigung durch Düfte beim GleitbeutlerPetaurus breviceps papuanus Thomas (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae).Z. Vergl. Physiol. 50: 151–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, W. (1937). Die Sternaldrüse bei den Klammeraffen,Ateles. Morph. Jahrbuch 79: 600–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekulic, R., and Eisenberg, J. F. (1983). Throat-rubbing in red howler monkeys(Aloualta seniculus). In Müller-Schwarze, D., and Silverstein, R. M. (eds.),Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Chem. Signals Vertebrates, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 347–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprankel, H. (1962). Histologie und biologische Bedeutung eines jugulo-sternalen Duftdrüsenfeldes beiTupaia glis Diard 1820.Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. (Saarbrücken) 1962: 198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, W. L. (1950). The microscopic anatomy of the skin of the gorilla. In Gregory, W. K. (ed.),The Anatomy of the Gorilla, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe, A. G., and Poole, T. B. (1978). Scent marking and associated behaviour in captive common marmosets(Callithrix jacchus jacchus) with a description of the histology of scent glands.J. Zool. (London) 185: 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talke, L. (1903). Ueber die grossen Drüsen der Achselhöhlenhaut des Menschen.Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 61: 537–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Gelderen, J. J. (1962). Einige Mitteilungen über das Achselhöhlenorgan des Chimpanse.Anat. Anzeiger 61: 407–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M., and Abel, O. (1928).Die SÄugetiere. Einführung in die Anatomie und Systematik der recenten und fossilen Mammalia. Band 2: Systematischer Teil, Fischer, Jena, 2nd ed.

  • Wislocki, G. B., and Schultz, A. H. (1925). On the nature of modifications of the skin in the sternal region of certain primates.J. Mammal. 6: 236–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, O. P. (1982). Tree-rubbing behavior of a solitary male howler monkey.Primates 23: 303–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeller, U. (1984). Die funktionelle Anatomie der Gulardrüse vonPropithecus verreauxi coquereli (Indriidae, Primates). InDeutsche Ges. SÄugetierk, 58. Hauptversammlg, Kurzfassungen der VortrÄge u. Posterdemonstr, Parey, Hamburg, p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeller, U. (1986). Die Gulardrüse vonPropithecus (Indriidae, Primates).Z. SÄugetierk. 51: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anthropological Institute, University Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland

    Thomas Geissmann

Authors
  1. Thomas Geissmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Geissmann, T. A sternal gland in the Siamang Gibbon(Hylobates syndactylus) . Int J Primatol 8, 1–15 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737111

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02737111

Key words

Search

Navigation