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Optimization of an electrochemical hydrogen-chlorine energy storage system

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Abstract

A mathematical model is presented for the optimization of the hydrogen-chlorine energy storage system. Numerical calculations have been made for a 20 MW plant being operated with a cycle of 10 h charge and 10h discharge. Optimal operating parameters, such as electrolyte concentration, cell temperature and current densities, are determined to minimize the investment of capital equipment.

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Abbreviations

A ex :

design heat transfer area of heat exchanger (m2)

a F :

electrode area (m2)

\(C_{p,Cl_2 } \) :

heat capacity of liquid chlorine (J kg−1K−1)

\(C_{V,H_2 } \) :

heat capacity of hydrogen gas at constant volume (J kg−1 K−1)

c p,hcl :

heat capacity of aqueous HCl (J kg−1 K−1)

C $acid :

cost coefficient of HCl/Cl2 storage ($ m−1.4)

C $ex :

cost coefficient of heat exchanger ($ m−1.9)

C $F :

cost coefficient of cell stack ($ m−2)

\(C_{\$ ,H_2 } \) :

cost coefficient of H2 storage ($ m−1.6)

C $j :

cost coefficient of equipmentj ($/unit capacity)

C $pipe :

cost coefficient of pipe ($ m−1)

C $pump :

cost coefficient of pump ($ J−0.98 s−0.98)

E :

cell voltage (V)

F :

Faraday constant (9.65 × 107 C kg-equiv−1)

F j :

design capacity of equipmentj (unit capacity)

G D :

design electrolyte flow rate (m3 h−1)

\(H_{f,Cl_2 }^0 \) :

heat of formation of liquid chlorine (J kg-mol−1 C12)

H 0f ,HCl :

heat of formation of aqueous HCl (J kg-mol−1HCl)

H m :

total mechanical energy losses (J)

I :

total current flow through cell (A)

i :

operating current density of cell stack (A m−2)

L :

length of pipeline (m)

N :

number of parallel pipelines

ΔnHCl :

change in the amount of HCl (kg-mole)

P :

pressure of HCl/Cl2 storage (kPa)

p 1 :

H2 storage pressure at the beginning of charge (kPa)

p 2 :

H2 storage pressure at the end of charge (kPa)

−Q ex :

heat removed through the heat exchanger (J)

R :

universal gas constant (8314 J kg-mol−1 K−1)

\(S_{Cl_2 } \) :

the solubility of chlorine in aqueous HCl (kg-mole Cl2 m−3 solution)

T :

electrolyte temperature (K)

T 2 :

electrolyte temperature at the end of charge (K)

T max :

maximum electrolyte temperature (K)

T min :

minimum electrolyte temperature (K)

t :

final time (h)

t ex :

the length of time for the heat exchanger operation (h)

Uit ex :

overall heat transfer coefficient (J h−1 m−2 K−1)

V acid :

volume of HCl/Cl2 storage (m3)

\(V_{H_2 } \)}:

volume of H2 storage (m3)

v :

design linear velocity of electrolyte (m s−1)

\(W_{Cl_2 } \) :

amount of liquid chloride at timet (kg)

\(W_{Cl_2 ,0} \) :

amount of liquid chlorine at timet 0 (kg)

w hcl :

amount of aqueous HCl solution at timet (kg)

W p :

design brake power of pump (J s−1)

X :

electrolyte concentration of HCl at timet (wt fraction)

X f :

electrolyte concentration of HCl at the end of charge (wt fraction)

X i :

electrolyte concentration of HCl at the beginning of charge (wt fraction)

X 0 :

electrolyte concentration of HCl at timet 0 (wt fraction)

Y :

objective function to be minimized ($ kW−1 h−1)

α j :

the scale-up exponent of equipmentj

ε :

overall electric-to-electric efficiency (%)

ε acid :

safety factor of HCl/Cl2 storage

\(\varepsilon _{Cl_2 } \) :

fractional excess of liquid chlorine

η p :

pump efficiency

\(\bar \rho _{HCl} \) :

average density of HCl solution over the discharge period (kg m−3)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Clarkson College of Technology, 13676, Potsdam, New York, USA

    K. L. Hsueh & D. -T. Chin

  2. Department of Energy and Environment, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 11973, Upton, New York, USA

    J. Mcbreen & S. Srinivasan

Authors
  1. K. L. Hsueh
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  2. D. -T. Chin
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  3. J. Mcbreen
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  4. S. Srinivasan
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Hsueh, K.L., Chin, D.T., Mcbreen, J. et al. Optimization of an electrochemical hydrogen-chlorine energy storage system. J Appl Electrochem 11, 503–515 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01132439

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