Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anxiety, Depression, and Psychological Adjustment After an Acute Cardiac Event

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Psychocardiology

Abstract

Psychological adjustment following acute cardiac events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABGS) has received increasing attention in the last three decades. While physical recovery remains the highest priority, psychological recovery is now considered a primary concern for health professionals working in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. The prevalence of anxiety and depression in people who have had a cardiac event is up to four times higher than in the general population. Post-event anxiety and depression both confer an increased mortality risk, highlighting the importance of identifying these patients early in order to ensure appropriate treatment. In recent years it has been recommended that all cardiac patients be screened for depression after a cardiac event. However, there are some inherent problems with routine depression screening, particularly if undertaken soon after the event. There are risks of both unnecessary treatment of patients with transient symptoms and non-identification of patients whose symptoms appear later after physical recovery. This chapter outlines evidence regarding the prevalence and impacts of anxiety and depression in cardiac patients and issues regarding depression screening. Some alternative ways of identifying patients at risk of depression are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AIHW. (2012). Australia’s health 2012. Australia’s health no. 13. Cat. no. AUS 156. Canberra: AIHW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. L., Johnston, D. W., Johnston, M., & Mant, D. (2007). Depression and perceived behavioural control are independent predictors of future activity and fitness after coronary syndrome events. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 501–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, M. J., Baker, R. A., Kneebone, A. C., & Knight, J. L. (2000). Mood state as a predictor of neuropsychological deficits following cardiac surgery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48(6), 537–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barefoot, J. C., Brummet, B. H., Helms, M. J., Mark, M. D., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B. (2000). Depressive symptoms and survival of patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 790–795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, J., Schumacher, M., & Herrmann-Lingen, C. (2004). Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 802–013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, A., Worcester, M., Ng, A., Murphy, B., Tatoulis, J., Grigg, L., … Goble, A. (2013). Attendance at cardiac rehabilitation is associated with lower all-cause mortality after 14 years of follow-up. Heart. 9, 620–25. Published online 4 Dec 2012. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. F., Blumenthal, J., Burg, M., Carney, R. M., Catellier, D., Cowan, M. J., … Schneiderman, N. (2003). Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: The Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. JAMA, 289(23), 3106–3116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Moore, K. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., … Krishnan, K. R. (1999). Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(19), 2349–2356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, J. A., Lett, H. S., Babyak, M. A., White, W., Smith, P. K., Mark, D. B., … Newman, M. F. (2003). Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet, 362(9384), 604–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brummet, B. H., Barefoot, J. C., & Vitaliano, P. P. (2003). Associations among social support, income and depression: The UNC Alumni Heart Study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 239–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burker, E. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Feldman, M., Burnett, R., White, W., Smith, L. R., … Reves, J. G. (1995). Depression in male and female patients undergoing cardiac surgery. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 119–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney, R. M., & Freedland, K. E. (2003). Depression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 241–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, R. M., Rich, M. W., teVelde, A., Saini, J., Clark, K., & Freedland, K. E. (1988). The relationship between heart rate, heart rate variability and depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 32(2), 159–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, R. M., Blumenthal, J. A., Catellier, D., Freedland, K. E., Berkman, L. F., Watkins, L. L., … Jaffe, A. S. (2003). Depression as a risk factor for mortality after acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology, 92, 1277–1281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., & Sheps, D. S. (2004). Depression is a risk factor for mortality in coronary heart disease: Editorial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(6), 799–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Case, R. B., Moss, A. J., Case, N., McDermott, M., & Eberly, S. (1992). Living alone after myocardial infarction, impact on prognosis. JAMA, 267, 515–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Andrade-Nascimento, M., Morais-de-Jesus, M., Melquiades de Medeiros, G., Daltro-Oliveira, R., Oliveira Conceicao, J., & Castro Quarantini, L. (2012). Post-traumatic stress disorder as a comorbidity: Impact on disease outcome. Expert Review Neurotherapy, 12(8), 1023–1037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavender, J. B., Rogers, W. J., Fisher, L. D., Gersh, B. J., Coggin, C. J., & Myers, W. O. (1992). Effect of smoking on survival and morbidity in patients randomized to medical or surgical therapy in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS): 10-Year follow-up. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 20, 287–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheok, F., Schrader, G., Banham, D., Marker, J., & Hordacre, A. L. (2003). Identification, course, and treatment of depression after admission for a cardiac condition: Rationale and patient characteristics for the Identifying Depression As a Comorbid Condition (IDACC) project. American Heart Journal, 146(6), 978–984.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colquhoun, D. M., Bunker, S. J., Clark, D. M., Glozier, N., Hare, D. L., Hickie, I. B., … Branagan, M. G. (2013). Screening, referral and treatment for depression in patients with coronary heart disease: A consensus statement from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 198(9). doi:10.5694/mja13.10153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connerney, I., Shapiro, P. A., McLaughlin, J. S., Bagiella, E., & Sloan, R. P. (2001). Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12-month outcome: A prospective study. Lancet, 358, 1766–1771.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley, J. A., & Capewell, S. (2003). Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review. JAMA, 290(1), 86–97. doi:10.1001/jama.290.1.86290/1/86 [pii].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T., & Jensen, L. (1988). Identifying depression in medical patients. Image – The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 20, 191–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denollet, J., & Brutsaert, D. L. (2001). Reducing emotional distress improves prognosis in coronary heart disease. Circulation, 104, 2018–2023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2000). Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: Meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(14), 2101–2107. doi: ioi90679 [pii].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duits, A. A., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Boeke, S., Taams, M. A., Mochtar, B., Krauss, X. H., … Erdman, R. A. (1998). The course of anxiety and depression in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45(2), 127–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egede, L. E. (2007). Major depression in individuals with chronic medical disorders: Prevalence, correlates and association with health resource utilization, lost productivity and functional disability. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29, 409–416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Euroaspire II Study Group. (2001). Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries; principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme. European Heart Journal, 22(7), 554–572. doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.2610. S0195668X01926107 [pii].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith, N., & Lesperance, F. (2003). Depression and other psychological risks following myocardial infarction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 627–636.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith, N., & Lesperance, F. (2008). Depression and anxiety as predictors of 2-year cardiac events in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(1), 62–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., & Talajic, M. (1993). Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. JAMA, 270, 1819–1825.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., & Talajic, M. (1995). Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 91, 999–1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., Juneau, M., Talajic, M., & Bourassa, M. G. (1999). Gender, depression, and one-year prognosis after myocardial infarction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 26–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., Gravel, G., Masson, A., Juneau, M., Talajic, M., & Bourassa, M. G. (2000). Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 101, 1919–1924.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strackey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 243–258). London: Hogarth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, R., McKinley, S., & Dracup, K. (2003). Effects of a telephone counseling intervention on psychosocial adjustment in women following a cardiac event. Heart and Lung, 32, 79–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gehi, A., Haas, D., Pipkin, S., & Whooley, M. A. (2005). Depression and medication adherence in outpatients with coronary heart disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 2508–2513.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbody, S. D., Sheldon, T. D., & House, A. D. (2008). Screening and case-finding instruments for depression: A meta-analysis. CMAJ, 178, 997–1003.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goble, A. J., Biddle, N., & Worcester, M. U. C. (1989). Depression after acute cardiac illness. Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Care, 5, 60–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gravely-Witte, S., Stewart, D., Suskin, N., & Grace, S. (2009). The association among depressive symptoms, smoking status and antidepressant use in cardiac outpatients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 478–490.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen, T. A., Nordrehaug, J. E., Eide, G. E., Bjelland, I., & Rokne, B. (2009). Anxiety and depression after acute myocardial infarction: An 18-month follow-up study with repeated measures and comparison with a reference population. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 16, 651–659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, D. L., Toukhsati, S. R., Johansson, P., & Jaarsma, T. (2013). Depression and cardiovascular disease: A clinical review. European Heart Journal. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht462. published online 4 December.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasnain, M., Vieweg, W. V. R., Lesnefsky, E. J., & Pandurangi, A. K. (2011). Depression screening in patients with coronary heart disease: A critical evaluation of the AHA guidelines. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71, 6–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, C., Brand-Driehorst, S., Buss, U., & Ruger, U. (2000). Effects of anxiety and depression on 5-year mortality in 5,057 patients referred for exercise testing. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48(4–5), 455–462. doi: S0022-3999(99)00086-0 [pii].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, R. O., Murphy, B. M., Nicholas, A., Worcester, M. U., & Lindner, H. (2007). Emotional and adjustment issues faced by cardiac patients seen in clinical practice: A qualitative survey of experienced clinicians. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 27(5), 291–297. doi:10.1097/01.HCR.0000291296.62894.e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, M., Spertus, J. A., Masoudi, F. A., Reid, K. J., Peterson, E. D., Magid, D. J., … Rumsfeld, J. S. (2006). Impact of medication therapy discontinuation on mortality after myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1842–1847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkinson, P. E., & Stewart, M. (1991). Coping with catastrophe. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, A. V., & Wakefield, J. C. (2005). The age of depression. National Affairs, 158, online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, A. V., & Wakefield, J. C. (2007). The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iestra, J. A., Kromhout, Y. T., van der Schouw, D. E., Grobbee, H. C., Boshuizen, H. C., & van Staveren, W. A. (2005). Effect size estimates of lifestyle and dietary changes on all-cause mortality in coronary artery disease patients: A systematic review. JAMA, 112, 924–934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, J., Basinski, A., Baker, B., Jandciu, S., Paquette, M., & Cairns, J. (1999). Depression and risk of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction: Testing for the confounding effects of fatigue. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 729–737.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S. (2011). What doesn’t kill us: The new psychology of posttraumatic growth. London: Piatkus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaptein, K. I., de Jong, P., van den Brink, R., & Korf, J. (2006). Course of depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction and cardiac prognosis: A latent class analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(5), 662–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keresztes, P. A., Merritt, S. L., Holm, K., Penckofer, S., & Patel, M. (2003). The coronary artery bypass experience: Gender differences. Heart and Lung, 32(5), 308–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krannich, J. H., Weyers, P., Lueger, S., Herzog, M., Bohrer, T., & Elert, O. (2007). Presence of depression and anxiety before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relationship to age. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 47.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronish, I. M., Rieckmann, N., Halm, E. A., Shimbo, D., Vorchheimer, D., Haas, D. C., & Davidson, K. W. (2006). Persistent depression affects adherence to secondary prevention behaviors after acute coronary syndromes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(11), 1178–1183.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, E. A., Fauerbach, J. A., Bush, D. E., & Ziegelstein, R. C. (2009). Relation of anxiety and adherence to risk-reducing recommendations following myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 103, 1629–1634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladwig, K. H., Roll, G., Breithardt, G., Budde, T., & Borggrefe, M. (1994). Post-infarction depression and incomplete recovery 6 months after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet, 343(8888), 20–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D., Carroll, D., Ring, C., Beevers, D. G., & Lip, G. Y. (2001). Mortality and quality of life 12 months after myocardial infarction: Effects of depression and anxiety. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(2), 221–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D., Ring, C., Lip, G. Y. H., & Carroll, D. (2005). Depression, indirect clinical markers of cardiac disease severity, and mortality following myocardial infarction. Heart, 91, 531–532.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lauzon, C., Beck, C. A., Huynh, T., Dion, D., Racine, N., Carignan, S., … Pilote, L. (2003). Depression and prognosis following hospital admission because of acute myocardial infarction. CMAJ, 168(5), 547–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtman, J. H., Bigger, J. T., Blumenthal, J., Frasure-Smith, N., Kaufman, P. G., Lesperance, F., … Froelicher, E. S. (2008). Depression and coronary heart disease. Recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment. A science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation, 118, 1768–1775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallik, S., Krumholz, H. M., Lin, Z. Q., Kasl, S. V., Mattera, J. A., Roumains, S. A., & Vaccarino, V. (2005). Patients with depressive symptoms have lower health status benefits after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation, 111(3), 271–277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martens, E. J., Smith, O. R., Winter, J., Denollet, J., & Pederson, S. S. (2008). Cardiac history, prior depression personality predict course of depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction. Psychological Medicine, 38(2), 257–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martens, E. J., De Jonge, P., Na, B., Cohen, B. E., Lett, H. S., & Whooley, M. A. (2010). Scared to death? Generalised anxiety disorder and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease: The heart and soul study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 750–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCaffery, J. M., Frasure-Smith, N., & Dube, M. P. (2006). Common genetic vulnerability to depressive symptoms and coronary artery disease: A review and development of candidate genes related to inflammation and serotonin. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 187–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, A., Atkinson, G., Albin, D., Alphey, D., Baic, S., Boyd, O., … Hooper, L. (2006). Dietetic guidelines on food and nutrition in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease – Evidence from systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (second update, January 2006). Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 19(6), 401–419. doi:JHN726 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2006.00726.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moholdt, T., Wisloff, U., Nilsen, T. I. L., & Slordahl, S. A. (2008). Physical activity and mortality in men and women with coronary heart disease: A prospective population-based cohort study in Norway (the HUNT study). European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 15, 639–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moser, D. K., Dracup, K., Evangelista, L. S., Zambroski, C. H., Lennie, T. A., Chung, M. L., … Heo, S. (2010). Comparison of prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and hostility in elderly heart failure, myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Heart Lung, 39(5), 378–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. M., Elliott, P. C., Higgins, R. O., Le Grande, M. R., Worcester, M. U., Goble, A. J., & Tatoulis, J. (2008a). Anxiety and depression after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Most get better, some get worse. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 15(4), 434–440. doi:10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282fbc945.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. M., Elliott, P. C., Le Grande, M. R., Higgins, R. O., Ernest, C. S., Goble, A. J., … Worcester, M. U. (2008b). Living alone predicts 30-day hospital readmission after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 15(2), 210–215. doi:10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f2dc4e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. M., Elliott, P. C., Worcester, M. U., Higgins, R. O., Le Grande, M. R., Roberts, S. B., & Goble, A. J. (2008c). Trajectories and predictors of anxiety and depression in women during the 12 months following an acute cardiac event. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(Pt 1), 135–153. doi:10.1348/135910707X173312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B.M., Higgins, R.O., Jackson, A.C., Edington, J., Jackson, A., Worcester, M.U. (2015). Patients want to know about the ‘cardiac blues’. Australian Family Physician, 44(11), 826–832.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. M., Worcester, M. U., Goble, A. J., Mitchell, F., Navaratnam, H., Higgins, R. O., … Le Grande, M. R. (2011). Lifestyle and physiological risk factor profiles six weeks after an acute cardiac event: Are patients achieving recommended targets for secondary prevention? Heart, lung & Circulation, 20(7), 446–451. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2011.02.004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. M., Le Grande, M., Navaratnam, H., Higgins, R., Elliott, P., Turner, A., … Goble, A. (2012). Are poor health behaviours in anxious and depressed cardiac patients explained by sociodemographic factors? European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 20(6), 995–1003. doi:10.1177/2047487312449593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. M., Rogerson, M., Worcester, M. U. C., Elliott, P. C., Higgins, R. O., Le Grande, M. R., … Goble, A. (2013). Predicting mortality 12 years after an acute cardiac event: Comparison between in-hospital and 2-month assessment of depressive symptoms in women. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 33, 160–167. doi:10.1097/HCR.013e318283927f.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. M., Ludeman, D., Elliott, P., Judd, F., Humphreys, J., Edington, J., … Worcester, M. (2014). ‘Red flags’ for persistent or worsening anxiety and depression after an acute cardiac event: A 6 month longitudinal study in regional and rural Australia. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 21(9), 1079–1089. doi:10.1177/2047487313493058.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olafiranye, O., Jean-Louis, G., Zizi, F., Nunes, J., & Vincent, M. T. (2011). Anxiety and cardiovascular risk: Review of epidemiological and clinical evidence. Mind Brain, 2(1), 32–37.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G., Hyett, M., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Brotchie, H., & Walsh, W. (2011). GAD is good? Generalised anxiety disorder predicts superior five-year outcome following an acute coronary syndrome. Psychiatry Research, 188(3), 383–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, G. H., Nicolau, J. C., Romano, B. W., & Laranjeira, R. (2008). Depression: A predictor of smoking relapse in a 6-month follow-up after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 15, 89–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. C., Charlson, M., Williams-Russo, P., Krieger, K., Pirraglia, P., Meyers, B., … Alexopoulos, G. S. (2002). New post-operative depressive symptoms and long-term cardiac outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 192–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, S. J., Macari-Hinson, M. M., Coyle, D. A., Slater, W. R., Kahn, M., Gorlin, R., & Zucker, H. D. (1989). The nature and course of depression following myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine, 149(8), 1785–1789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheps, D. S., & Rozanski, A. (2005). From feeling blue to clinical depression: Exploring the pathogenicity of depressive symptoms and their management in cardiac practice. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(Suppl 1), S2–S5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ski, C. F., & Thompson, D. R. (2011). Beyond the blues: The need for integrated care pathways. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 18, 218–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soufer, R., Arrighi, J. A., & Burg, M. M. (2002). Brain, behaviour, mental stress, and the neurocardiac interaction. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, 9, 650–662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spijkerman, T. A., van der Brink, R. H. S., Jansen, J. H. C., Crijns, H. J. G. M., & Ormel, J. (2005). Who is at risk of post-MI depressive symptoms? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(5), 425–432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strik, J. J., Denollet, J., Lousberg, R., & Honig, A. (2003). Comparing symptoms of depression and anxiety as predictors of cardiac events and increased health care consumption after myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 42(10), 1801–1807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strik, J. J., Lousberg, R., Cheriex, E. C., & Honig, A. (2004). One year cumulative incidence of depression following myocardial infarction and impact on cardiac outcome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 59–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. B. (2010). Depression, heart rate related variables and cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 78(1), 80–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: A new perspective on psychotraumatology. Psychiatric Times, 21(4), 945–960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedstone, J. E., & Tarrier, N. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following medical illness and treatment. Clinical Psychological Review, 23, 409–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thombs, B. D., & Ziegelstein, R. C. (2010). Screening in cardiovascular care. In A. J. Mitchell & J. C. Coyne (Eds.), Screening for depression in clinical practice: An evidence-based guide. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thombs, B. D., Bass, E. B., Ford, D. E., Stewart, K. J., Tsilidis, K. K., Patel, U., … Ziegelstein, R. C. (2006). Prevalence of depression in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: Review of the evidence. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 30–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thombs, B. D., de Jonge, P., Coyne, J. C., Whooley, M. A., Frasure-Smith, N., Mitchell, A. J., … Ziegelstein, R. C. (2008). Depression screening and patient outcomes in cardiovascular care. JAMA, 300(18), 2161–2171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thombs, B. D., Jewett, L. R., Knafo, R., Coyne, J. C., & Ziegelstein, R. C. (2009). Learning from history: A commentary on the American Heart Association Science Advisory on depression screening. American Heart Journal, 158(4), 503–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully, P. J., & Baker, R. A. (2012). Depression, anxiety, and cardiac morbidity outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: A contemporary and practical review. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, 9, 197–208.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully, P. J., & Higgins, R. (2014). Depression screening, assessment and treatment for patients with coronary heart disease: A review for psychologists. Australian Psychologist, X, xx-xx.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tully, P. J., Baker, R. A., & Knight, J. L. (2008a). Anxiety and depression as risk factors for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 285–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully, P. J., Baker, R. A., & Turnbull, D. (2008b). The role of depression and anxiety symptoms and hospital readmissions after cardiac surgery. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 281–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully, P. J., Pederson, S. S., Winefield, H. R., Baker, R. A., Turnbull, D. A., & Denollet, J. (2011). Cardiac morbidity risk and depression and anxiety: A disorder, symptom and trait analysis among cardiac surgery patients. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16(3), 333–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tully, P. J., Cosh, S. M., & Baune, B. T. (2013). A review of the effects of worry and generalised anxiety disorder upon cardiovascular health and coronary heart disease. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 18(6), 627–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Melle, J. P., de Jonge, P., Spijkerman, T. A., Tijssen, J. G. P., Ormel, J., van Veldhuisen, D. J., … van den Berg, M. P. (2004). Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: A meta-analysis. Psychosom Med, 66, 814–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, L. L., Schneiderman, N., Blumenthal, J. A., Sheps, D. S., Catellier, D., Taylor, C. B., & Freedland, K. E. (2003). Cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression are associated with medical comorbidity in patients after acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal, 146(1), 48–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welin, C., Lappas, G., & Wilhelmsen, L. (2000). Independent importance of psychosocial factors for prognosis after myocardial infarction. Journal of Internal Medicine, 247(6), 629–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westin, L., Carlsson, R., Israelsson, B., Willenheimer, R., Cline, C., & McNeil, T. F. (1997). Quality of life in patients with ischaemic heart disease: A prospective controlled study. Journal of Internal Medicine, 242(3), 239–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmarsh, A., Koutantji, M., & Sidell, K. (2003). Illness perceptions, mood and coping in predicting attendance at cardiac rehabilitation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8(Pt 2), 209–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., & Lanas, F. (2004). Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet, 364(9438), 937–952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegelstein, R. C., Fauerbach, J. A., Stevens, S. S., Romanelli, J., Richter, D. P., & Bush, D. E. (2000). Patients with depression are less likely to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(12), 1818–1823.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Heart Research Centre, Level 7, 14-20 Blackwood Street, 3051, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Barbara M. Murphy, Rosemary O. Higgins & Alun C. Jackson

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Barbara M. Murphy

  3. Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Rosemary O. Higgins

  4. Centre on Behavioral Health, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

    Alun C. Jackson

  5. Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia

    Barbara M. Murphy

Authors
  1. Barbara M. Murphy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rosemary O. Higgins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alun C. Jackson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara M. Murphy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Monash University, Victoria, Australia

    Marlies Alvarenga

  2. Australia National University, Canberra, Aust Capital Terr, Australia

    Don Byrne

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this entry

Cite this entry

Murphy, B.M., Higgins, R.O., Jackson, A.C. (2015). Anxiety, Depression, and Psychological Adjustment After an Acute Cardiac Event. In: Alvarenga, M., Byrne, D. (eds) Handbook of Psychocardiology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-53-5_57-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-53-5_57-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-4560-53-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation