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Free Will and Lawfulness: Establishment and Related Issues

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The History of the Contractual Thoughts in Ancient China

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Abstract

French socialist Emile Durkheim published the book Division of Labor in 1893, in which he stated that the opposing forces made human beings unite in mandatory cooperation for their existence. And the development of specialized labor division in human groups will inevitably lead to the dependent and cooperative relationship among people. In 1912, Durkheim reemphasized the same view on in his book Elementary Forms of Religious Life: A society can only exist when the condition of unity and cooperation is not harmed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Quoted from Abram Kardiner and Edward Preble. 1988, in which “They studied man” was translated by Sun Kaixiang, SDX Joint Publishing Company, pp. 164, 165, 178.

  2. 2.

    ibid., pp. 23, 53–54, 60.

  3. 3.

    Bodenheimer [1].

  4. 4.

    ibid., p. 77.

  5. 5.

    ibid., pp. 81–83.

  6. 6.

    ibid., p. 95.

  7. 7.

    Qigang [2].

  8. 8.

    Tian [3].

  9. 9.

    Xu [4].

  10. 10.

    Jingkun [5].

  11. 11.

    The Changes in Italian Renaissance, the Commercial Press. 1979, p. 125.

  12. 12.

    Pingye [6].

  13. 13.

    Hegel [7].

  14. 14.

    Details can be found in the same book of footnote 3, Chapter Three, Section One.

  15. 15.

    Hegel [8].

  16. 16.

    Kaixiang and Jiagang [9].

  17. 17.

    Renyu and Kaixiang [10].

  18. 18.

    Categorization of Learnings (Ancient Chinese book), the Vol. 34; Zheng Wenrong: Regulations of the Zheng Family.

  19. 19.

    Law Code of Tang Dynasty, Volume 12, Law of Household and Marriage-About the Inferior Young Disposing Properties Privately; Criminal Code of Song Dynasty, Volume 12, Law of Household and Marriage, about the Inferior Young Disposing Properties Privately.

  20. 20.

    Law Code of Ming Dynasty, Volume 4, Household Law and Household System, About the Inferior Young Disposing Properties Privately.

  21. 21.

    Criminal Code of Song Dynasty, Vol. 13, Law of Household and Marriage, About Transaction of Properties.

  22. 22.

    Zweigert and Kotz [11].

  23. 23.

    Sabine [12].

  24. 24.

    See footnote 8, pp. 18, 13.

  25. 25.

    Law Reports of Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279 A.D.), compiled and printed by Teaching and Research Section of Legal History, Southwest University of Political Science & Law in 1985, p. 104.

  26. 26.

    Zhimin [13].

  27. 27.

    Qingming et al. [14].

  28. 28.

    Xuehui [15].

  29. 29.

    See footnote 27, pp. 470–471.

  30. 30.

    Jinfan and Chengwei [16].

  31. 31.

    The Compilation of Song Dynasty, National Economy, 63:195.

    *Translator’s annotation: Mu is a unit of area, and one Mu is about the acreage of 667 m2.

    **Translator’s annotation: Thousand-Character Classic is an article with one thousand different characters written by an official named Zhou Xinsi according to the demand of Emperor Wu of Liang in Southern Dynasty.

  32. 32.

    Supplementary Notes of Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government, Vol. 220.

  33. 33.

    ibid., 32, Chapter 217.

  34. 34.

    Kishimoto Mio, Civil Society and China. See Yaxing and Zhiping [17].

    ***Translator’s annotation: Si nong si is an official title in ancient China, and it governs grain reserving affairs, but basically became an idle organization in the late Tang Dynasty in the fourth year (1071 A.D.).

  35. 35.

    Footnote 25, pp. 102–103, 95–96, 81–82, 34–35.

    ****Translator’s annotation: Qing Ming Ji is a corpus about court verdicts and state documents in Song Dynasty. It is a valuable resource in studying the history of Song Dynasty.

  36. 36.

    Cite from footnote 27, p. 504.

  37. 37.

    The Enlightened Judgements, Chapter 11.

  38. 38.

    See footnote 25, pp. 103–104, 97.

  39. 39.

    See footnote 27, p. 458.

    *****Translator’s annotation: Zheng Jun Hu and Tie Jun Hu are authorized strength of troops in Yuan and Ming Dynasty. Two to three families pick out one person to join the army while other families just provide some subvention for them. Families provide soldiers are called Zheng Jun Hu, while families provide subvention are called Tie Jun Hu.

    ******Translator’s annotation: Ministry of Rites is an official department in feudal China.

    *******Translator’s annotation: Gongshi refers to people who attend the central imperial examinations in ancient China.

    ********Translator’s annotation: this is the only remaining corpus of verdicts of civil and criminal cases in Ming Dynasty.

  40. 40.

    Supplementary Notes of Comprehensive Study of the Written Record, Chapter 25, shi.《市》.

  41. 41.

    See footnote 25, pp. 40, 67.

  42. 42.

    Law Code of Tang Dynasty—Example 4.

  43. 43.

    ibid.—Marriage Law.

  44. 44.

    Dunhuang File (Series I), Zhonghua Book Company, 1961, p. 353.

  45. 45.

    Unearthed Documents in Turfan (Vol. 6), Culture Relics Press, p. 424.

  46. 46.

    ibid., p. 526.

    *********Translator’s annotation: Shuo and Dou are both volume units in ancient China. One Shuo equals to 59.4 l and one Dou is one-tenth of Shuo. “Two Shuo and five Dou wheat” weighs about 110 kg converted to modern units.

  47. 47.

    ibid., p. 417.

  48. 48.

    Criminal Code of Song Dynasty, Chapter 26, quoted from Law Code of Tang Dynasty.

  49. 49.

    Law Code of Ming Dynasty, Law of Household.

  50. 50.

    Dunhuang File (Series VI)—Contract Documents.

  51. 51.

    See footnote 27, pp. 307–307.

  52. 52.

    See footnote 26, pp. 138–140.

  53. 53.

    Zhen [18].

  54. 54.

    Hanshu, Vol. 50 and 90.

  55. 55.

    Tang Huiyao, Vol. 86.

  56. 56.

    Collection of Tang Dynasty Imperial Edicts and Orders, Vol. 130.

  57. 57.

    Genealogy of Family Wei in Yanbu Village of Shangyu Vol. 14 Twenty-four Family Precepts, Quoted from Fei Chengkang: Family Law and Clan Doctrines of China, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 1998 (the content of the family law and clan doctrines which is not marked belongs to this book).

  58. 58.

    Tang Huiyao, Vol. 87.

  59. 59.

    Old History of the Tang Dynasty, Vol. 129.

  60. 60.

    Supplementary Notes of Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government, Vol. 1.

  61. 61.

    Ce Fu Yuan Gui, Chapter 88.

  62. 62.

    Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government, Vol. 273.

  63. 63.

    Genealogy of Family Ji in Gaolv of Pucheng City of the Republic of China, Vol. 1.

  64. 64.

    Jinhua History, Zheng Yong, Family Etiquette of Zhen Family.

  65. 65.

    Dabishan Collection, Chapter 56, Li Weizhen: Public Land of Clan Wu.

  66. 66.

    Rites of Zhou Diguan Sishi.

  67. 67.

    Lihu. 1998. The Management of Shiboshi and Shibo in Tang Dynasty, The History Research (3).

  68. 68.

    Quoted from Jinfan [19].

  69. 69.

    See footnote 25, p. 63.

  70. 70.

    See footnote 25, p. 92.

  71. 71.

    Sekio Silo. 1995. Analysis of Document of Zuoren Relation Unearthed From No. 154 Tomb in Astana, Eastern Asia History and Culture (Vol. 1), Research on the Western Regions, translated by Hou Shixin (1).

  72. 72.

    Zheng [20].

  73. 73.

    Veritable Record of Taizong of Qing Dynasty, Chapter 59, p. 2.

  74. 74.

    Chuanxi [21].

  75. 75.

    Rites of Zhou Qiuguan Siyue.

  76. 76.

    See footnote 26, p. 129.

  77. 77.

    Daoyun et al. [22].

  78. 78.

    Institutional History of the Tang dynasty Taifusijing Duzhushiling.

  79. 79.

    Law Code of Tang Dynasty Regulations on Sales of Slaves, Cattle, Horses without Contracting.

  80. 80.

    See footnote 27, p. 636.

  81. 81.

    Supplementary Notes of Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government, Vol. 24, Section “in the March of the eighth year of Taipingxingguo Period”.

  82. 82.

    The Compilation of Song Dynasty, National Economy, 61:62.

  83. 83.

    ibid.

  84. 84.

    Zhou Shaoquan: Official in Charge of Grain, Borough Chief and the Old of the Late Ming Dynasty and the Early Qing Dynasty Seen in the Contract Document of Huizhou, The Research on Chinese History, 1998 (1).

  85. 85.

    See footnote 27, pp. 153–154.

  86. 86.

    The original contract seen in [Japan] Noboru Niida: History of Chinese Legislation. The Land Act. The Citation Act, pp. 416, 417, 420.

  87. 87.

    Taiping Imperial Encyclopedia, Chapter 598. Wang Bao, Slave Contract.

    **********Translator’s note: this slave belonged to Yang’s husband who had died. Entering adulthood, the slave often offended against others, thus no one wanted to buy him.

  88. 88.

    ibid.

  89. 89.

    ibid.·Jingshuoshang.

  90. 90.

    ibid.·Shangtongshang.

  91. 91.

    ibid.·Jianaizhong.

  92. 92.

    Law Code of Tang Dynasty, Chapter 26.

  93. 93.

    Dunhuang File, Series V. Contract Document.

  94. 94.

    Unearthed Document in Turpan, Vol. 5, Cultural Relics Press, p. 18.

  95. 95.

    Otani Document No. 2828, see footnote 27, p. 294.

  96. 96.

    See footnote 88, pp. 443–444.

  97. 97.

    See Zhongluo [23].

  98. 98.

    See footnote 93.

  99. 99.

    ibid.

  100. 100.

    See footnote 28.

  101. 101.

    See footnote 98.

  102. 102.

    See footnote 25, pp. 92–93.

  103. 103.

    Qicai [24].

  104. 104.

    Criminal Code of Song Dynasty Law of Marriage.

  105. 105.

    The Compilation of Song Dynasty, National Economy, 65:66.

  106. 106.

    See footnote 25, p. 81.

  107. 107.

    See footnote 26, p. 122.

  108. 108.

    Instrument Unearthed in Turoan, Vol. 6 Instrument from No. 4 Tomb in Asitana.

  109. 109.

    Huang Tingjian: Reports Collected by Huang Wengong, Vol. 11.

  110. 110.

    Li Xu: Essay of Jie An, Vol. 4.

  111. 111.

    See footnote 75, pp. 181–182.

  112. 112.

    ibid.

  113. 113.

    Yikui [25].

  114. 114.

    Youyi [26].

  115. 115.

    Guozhen [27].

  116. 116.

    Quoted from Bingyao [28].

  117. 117.

    See footnote 116.

  118. 118.

    See footnote 88, pp. 437, 419.

  119. 119.

    See footnote 27, pp. 449–451.

  120. 120.

    Judicial Department of Former Nanjing National Government [29].

  121. 121.

    Suishu Food Chapter.

  122. 122.

    Tao Zongyi: Historical Notes Recorded in Nancun, Vol. 17 Slave servant.

  123. 123.

    Li Xinzhuan: Jottings in Song Dynasty Since the Year of Jianyan (1127 A.D.), Vol. 5.

  124. 124.

    Li Xinzhuan: Major Events Reports in Song Dynasty Since the Year of Jianyan (1127 A.D.).

  125. 125.

    The Compilation of Song Dynasty, National Economy, 70:141.

  126. 126.

    ibid., 35:2.

  127. 127.

    ibid., 35:6.

  128. 128.

    ibid., 61:66.

  129. 129.

    ibid., 61:61.

  130. 130.

    ibid., 61:63.

  131. 131.

    ibid., 173.

  132. 132.

    The Compilation of Song Dynasty, National Economy, 54:13.

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    Yunsheng Liu

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Liu, Y. (2020). Free Will and Lawfulness: Establishment and Related Issues. In: The History of the Contractual Thoughts in Ancient China. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5768-2_3

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