Abstract
Previous research has investigated functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycle force and power output (PO) from the perspective of knee and hip joint biomechanics. However, ankle-foot biomechanics and, in particular, the effect of releasing the ankle joint on cycle pedal force and PO during FES cycling in paraplegics has not been widely explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether releasing the ankle joint might influence the peak pedal force and PO during FES cycling in paraplegics. Three complete paraplegics (C7 – T4) participated in this study. All participants performed two sessions of cycling in randomized order. Session 1 and 2 required the participants to cycle in fixed and free-ankle setup, respectively. For each session, the participants performed two sub-sessions of FES cycling. During sub-session 1, the muscles stimulated were upper leg muscles [quadriceps (QUAD) and hamstrings (HAM)]. In sub-session 2, both upper and lower leg muscles [QUAD, HAM, tibialis anterior (TA) and triceps surae (TS)] were stimulated. The normalized peak pedal force and PO of each condition were analyzed. Overall, the normalized peak pedal force and PO during fixed-ankle FES cycling is higher than free-ankle FES cycling. Stimulation of both upper and lower leg muscles during FES cycling provided higher normalized peak pedal force and PO compared to the upper leg muscles stimulated alone. The present pilot study revealed that fixed-ankle FES cycling produced higher normalized peak pedal force and PO than free-ankle FES cycling. Future work involving more paraplegics will be investigated. This finding might serve as a reference for future rehabilitative cycling protocols.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ragnarsson KT, Pollack S, O’Daniel W et al. (1988) Clinical evaluation of computerized functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: A multicenter pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 69(9):672-677
Bakkum AJT, Groot S De, Woude LHV Van Der et al (2012) The effects of hybrid cycle training in inactive people with long-term spinal cord injury: Design of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil 1-6 DOI 10.3109/09638288.2012.715719
Hunt KJ, Fang J, Saengsuwan J et al (2012) On the efficiency of FES cycling : A framework and systematic review. Technol Health Care 20:395-422 DOI 10.3233/THC-2012-0689
Van Soest a. J, Gföhler M, Casius LJR (2005) Consequences of ankle joint fixation on FES cycling power output: A simulation study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:797-806 DOI 10.1249/01.MSS.0000161802.52243.95
Berkelmans R (2008) FES Cycling. J Autom Cont 18(2):73-76 DOI 10.2298/JAC0802073B
Szecsi J, Straube A, Fornusek C (2014) A biomechanical cause of low power production during FES cycling of subjects with SCI. J Neuroeng Rehabil 11:123 DOI 10.1186/1743-0003-11-123
Duffell LD, Donaldson NDN, Newham DJ (2009) Power output during functional electrically stimulated cycling in trained spinal cord injured people. Neuromodulation 13(1):50-57 DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00245.x
Martin JC, Brown NAT (2009) Joint-specific power production and fatigue during maximal cycling. J Biomech 42:474-479 DOI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.11.015
Gregor SM, Perell KL, Rushatakankovit S et al (2002) Lower extremity general muscle moment patterns in healthy individuals during recumbent cycling. Clin Biomech 17:123-129 DOI 10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00112-7
Pierson-carey CD, Brown DA, Dairaghi CA. (1997) Changes in resultant pedal reaction forces due to ankle immobilization during pedaling. J Appl Biomech 13:334-346
Trumbower RD, Faghri PD (2004) Improving pedal power during semireclined leg cycling. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 23:62-71 DOI 10.1109/MEMB.2004.1310977
Ferrante S, Saunders B, Duffell L, et al (2005) Quantitative evaluation of stimulation patterns for FES cycling, In: 10th Annual Conference of the International FES Society, Montreal, Canada, 2005, pp 2–4
Fornusek C, Davis GM, Baek I (2012) Stimulation of shank muscles during functional electrical stimulation cycling increases ankle excursion in individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 93:1930-1936 DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.05.012
Trumbower RD, Faghri PD (2005) Kinematic analyses of semireclined leg cycling in able-bodied and spinal cord injured individuals. Spinal Cord 43:543-549 DOI 10.1038/sj.sc.3101756
Gregor RJ, Broker JP, Ryan MM. (1991) The biomechanics of cycling. Exerc Sport Sci R 19:127-169
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hamdan, P.N.F., Teo, K., Hamzaid, N.A., Usman, J., Razman, R. (2017). The Effects of Releasing Ankle Joint on Pedal Force and Power Production during Electrically Stimulated Cycling in Paraplegic Individuals: A Pilot Study. In: Ibrahim, F., Cheong, J., Usman, J., Ahmad, M., Razman, R., Selvanayagam, V. (eds) 3rd International Conference on Movement, Health and Exercise. MoHE 2016. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 58. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3737-5_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3737-5_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-3736-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-3737-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)