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Measurement of Forest Structure with Hemispherical Photography

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Book cover Hemispherical Photography in Forest Science: Theory, Methods, Applications

Part of the book series: Managing Forest Ecosystems ((MAFE,volume 28))

Abstract

This chapter presents the theoretical concepts necessary to link optical sensor data to forest structural attributes . Forest stand architecture is relatively complex and spatially variable, and many approaches can be used for its measurement: from traditional forest measurements in ground plots , to the statistical representation of forest attributes with the use of allometric relationships , and to the use of optical sensors. The forest parameters routinely measured are presented followed by the specific measurements that optical field instruments provide. Emphasis is placed on the optical sensors measuring light transmission through the forest canopy using the hemispherical view approach and, more specifically, on the use of hemispherical photographs. Strengths and weaknesses of forest canopy structural attributes measured based on Beer’s law , in particular from canopy gaps as seen from a hemispherical sensor or photograph, are presented. Finally, scaling issues are introduced from single trees to a stand and from stands to area mapping with satellite sensing.

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Abbreviations

\(\alpha\) :

Woody to total area ratio (W/Lt)

\({\alpha}_f\) :

Elevation angle of a leaf

\(\bar{\alpha}_f\) :

Mean leaf elevation angle

CC:

Chen and Cihlar (1995) clumping method

CLX:

Leblanc et al. (2005a) clumping method

CO :

Canopy openness (%)

G(θ):

Projection coefficient at view (zenith) angle θ

γE :

Needle-to-shoot-area ratio

L :

Leaf Area Index defined as one-half the total leaf area per unit of horizontal ground (m2/m2)

L e (θ):

‘Effective’ leaf area index at view (zenith) angle θ (m2/m2)

L et (θ):

‘Effective’ plant area index at view (zenith) angle θ (m2/m2)

L t :

Plant area index defined as one-half the total plant area per unit of horizontal ground (m2/m2)

L t (θ):

Plant area index at view (zenith) angle θ (m2/m2)

W :

Woody (twig, branch, and bole) area index (m2/m2)

PCA LAI-2000:

Plant Canopy Analyzer LAI-2000 from LI-COR ©

LX:

Lang and Xiang (1986) clumping method

P(θ):

Gap fraction at view (zenith) angle θ

θ:

Zenith angle (degree)

TRAC:

Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies

Ω(θ):

Element clumping index at spatial scales greater than the conifer shoot or broadleaf at view (zenith) angle θ

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0E4, Canada

    Sylvain G. Leblanc

  2. Département de géomatique appliquée, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada

    Sylvain G. Leblanc & Richard A. Fournier

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Correspondence to Sylvain G. Leblanc .

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  1. Centre d’Applications et de Recherches en Télédétection (CARTEL), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

    Richard A. Fournier

  2. Canadian Forest Services, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    Ronald J. Hall

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Leblanc, S.G., Fournier, R.A. (2017). Measurement of Forest Structure with Hemispherical Photography. In: Fournier, R., Hall, R. (eds) Hemispherical Photography in Forest Science: Theory, Methods, Applications. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1098-3_3

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