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Migration, Urbanization and Health

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International Handbook of Migration and Population Distribution

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Population ((IHOP,volume 6))

Abstract

Rural-to-urban migration is a significant driver of urbanization in the developing world. The motivations for rural-to-urban migration typically include economic and educational opportunities, but migrants – most of whom are young adults – may also move for personal reasons. Leaving the family home affords increased autonomy and anonymity, especially amidst the more permissive social norms in the city versus the village. The relationship between rural-to-urban migration and health involves three key mechanisms. First, the health status of migrants may differ from that of their non-migrant counterparts at origin before they move. Indeed, a healthy migrant phenomenon has been empirically shown. Second, rural-to-urban migration may affect physical and mental health status, because migrants are exposed to new risks and benefits in urban destinations. Finally, health status may determine which migrants stay at destination and which return to origin: less healthy migrants may be more likely to return. This selection mechanism has been called “salmon bias” in the literature, but we label it “Midnight Train” effect due to the apt description in the song’s lyrics about a musician who moved from his native Georgia to Los Angeles to become a “superstar, but he didn’t get far” and decides to “go back to the life he once knew.” Differentiating these three mechanisms presents formidable methodological challenges for studying the impact of migration on health. A longitudinal research design makes it possible to ascertain selection effects of rural-to-urban migration and return migration, and also to observe changes in health status that occur from pre- to post-migration.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Some cities also attract a significant number of international migrants that add to the urban population.

  2. 2.

    Urbanicity is the degree to which a geographical area is urban . Assessments of urbanicity usually take into account population density, infrastructure, and availability of goods and services (Dahly and Adair 2007).

  3. 3.

    “Midnight Train to Georgia” is a 1973 number-one hit single by Gladys Knight and the Pips. The boyfriend of the song’s narrator is a musician who moved from his native Georgia to Los Angeles to become a “superstar, but he didn’t get far”. He decides to give up, and “go back to the life he once knew.”

  4. 4.

    Random assignment of subjects into treatment (migration, in this case) and control groups ensures that personal characteristics do not differ, on average, between the two groups. In the real world, because migrants are self-selected based on a rational set of factors that influence the decision to relocate, selection effect s are formidable (we discuss this issue further in the final sub-section titled “Moving Forward”).

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  1. School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Elizabeth Nauman, Mark VanLandingham & Philip Anglewicz

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  1. Elizabeth Nauman
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  1. Brown University Dept. Sociology, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Michael J. White

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Nauman, E., VanLandingham, M., Anglewicz, P. (2016). Migration, Urbanization and Health. In: White, M. (eds) International Handbook of Migration and Population Distribution. International Handbooks of Population, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7282-2_20

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