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Summary of the Contents of the Hikayat Shah Mardan

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The Romance of King Aṅliṅ Darma in Javanese Literature

Part of the book series: Bibliotheca Indonesica ((BIBI))

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Abstract

The country of Darulhastan was ruled by a king named Bagĕr-madantajaya; his son was called Shah Mardan. Once upon a time a sage visited this country, where 40 pupils came to him. One of these failed to attend his lessons one day because, while sitting under a tree, he had listened to the chattering of the birds.

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References

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  10. Op. cit., p. 177, 179, 178. No matter how scanty Leyden’s information may be, Van der Tuuk’s remark that he has supplied nothing more than the title of this story is incorrect (T.v.N.I. 1849/I p. 398 nt. 2).

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  16. First impression, 1845, p. 160 No. 22 and 167–196 Arabic figures. The text is missing in the 2nd and 3rd impressions; it has been included again in the 4th, 5th and 6th impressions, however. A piecce of the text has also been reproduced in KLINKERT’s Facsimilé’s van eenige Maleische Handschriften, pp. 58–59.

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  17. Tijdschrift v. Ned.-Indië 1849 I, pp. 397-’98; Bijdr. Kon. Inst. 3: I (1866), p. 449 note 3.

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  20. An edition in Latin script was published in 1916 by the Indonesische Drukkerij in Weltevreden. The library of the Kon. Instituut in Leiden possesses two lithographies printed in Singapore in Arabic script, Gat. (1908) p. 299 no. 268 (A.H. 1309) and p. 759 no. 288 (A.H. 1316).

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  21. As mentioned in VAN RONKEL’s Cat. der Mal.hss. te Batavia, Verh. Bat. Gen. Vol. LVII (1909), p. 112.

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  22. CH. E. P. VAN KERGKHOFF, Het Maleisch Tooneel ter Westkust van Sumatra, in T.B.G., Vol. XXXI (1886), p. 305; see also Djedjak Langkah Hadji A. Salim, Jakarta 1954, p. 323.

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  23. A brief table of contents of the 23 cantos of these editions in Pratélan Vol. I, pp. 161–164.

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  24. VREEDE, Cat. Jav. en Mad. Hss., p. 211; Jaarboek Kon. Bat. Gen. I (1933), p. 326.

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  25. It is appropriate to point out here that the Javanese figures in the margin of cod. 2300(1) Mal. in Leiden (a copy of the Hikayat Shah Mardan) do not as Dr. H. H. Juynboll supposes in his Cat. der Mal. en Sund. Hss. p. 152 refer to the corresponding passages of the Javanese poem Aṅliṅ Darma. They refer to the page nos. of the Jav. MS. Bagenda Sek Mardan in the library of Leiden (no. 2296; Vreede’s Catalogue p. 211). The episodes mentioned on the pages of the Malay MS. thus indicated do not occur at all in the Aṅliṅ Darma.

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  26. Cf. F. D. K. BOSCH, De legende van Jīmūtavāhana in de Sanskritlitteratuur. Thesis Leiden 1914.

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  27. Tjandi Djago pp. 71–72.

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  28. This piece of information is preceded by a short note on Aṅliṅ Darma’s descent, his removal to Malawapati and his prosperous rule there for a period of ten years. Its contents stem from a Sĕrat Kaṇḍa (cf. Not. Bat. Gen., Vol. XLII (1904), p. CXXV). Most probably Raffles owed his information to the Panĕmbahan of Sumĕnĕp, who supplied him with most of the data found in Vol. II of his work.

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  29. DE HOLLANDER, Op. cit. (1856), p. 321. What is said about the Hikayat in question in HOOYKAAS, Over Maleische Literatuur (Leiden 1937) and in the second impression of this book, is based on De Hollander.

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  30. BRANDES , Iets over het papegaai-boek, zoals het bij de Maleiers voorkomt (T.B.G. Vol. XLI (1899), p. 445. The remarks made by E. Cosquin with reference to the Aṅliṅ Darma and the Hik. Indrajaya, with the latter of which he was partially acquainted in translation, are based on this article of Brandes (Le Lait de la Mère et le Coffre flottant, in: Revue des questions historiques, avril 1908; offprint p. 74 and note 2 on same page).

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  31. T.B.G. Vol. XXXII (1889), p. 423, sub 29 of the king-list of the Babad Kartasura.

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  32. “Suraosipun sami”, Pratelan Vol. I, p. 181.

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  33. The Sund. Rama (printed, like the Sund. Aṅliṅ Darma, in Jav.-Sund. script) has been published by Van Dorp, Semarang 1897, and reprinted by Balai Pustaka in Latin script in 19 volumes. The ‘memoires’ are entitled Babad Raden Adipati Aria Marta Nagara, Regent Pensioen Bandoeng di Soemĕdang, published by the printing firm of Pangadĕgan, Soemĕdang 1923.

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  34. Loc. cit. p. 179.

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  35. Loc. cit. p. 233, no. 95 and p. 247 no. 152.

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  36. Tantri, de Middel-Javaanse he Pañcatantra-bewerking, Leiden 1929, pp. 27, 28.

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  38. W. H. RASSERS, De Pandji-roman (1922), p. 43.

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  39. Catalogus Mal.hss. Batavia, p. 62, 68.

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  40. Bijdr. Kon. Inst. 3: I, p. 470. Compare such names as Jayentilam, Jayeṅrana, Jayenresmi, and other similar names.

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  41. Jav. MSS. B.G. no. 19; Jav. MSS. coll. Brandes no. 150, pt. I Canto 13, stanza 6 ff.; Not. Bat. Gen. Vol. XLII (1904), p. CXXXIV ff.

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  42. J. KATS, Wayang Madya, in the Mangkunagara-volume of Djåwå, Sept. 1924, p. 44.

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  43. T.B.G., Vol. XXXII (1889), p. 423.

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  44. Jav. MSS. Bat. Gen. no. 236, Canto 33, p. 166.

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  45. Id. no. 185, Canto 12, stanzas 16–18.

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  46. T. ROORDA, De wajangverhalen van Pala-Sara, Pandoe en Raden Pandji (1869), p. 226, 227 (Jav. numerals) = Gunning’s reprint p. 19 = Pandji gandroeng Angreni, Balai Pustaka, serie no. 846 (1936), p. 14. Roorda’s rendition in B.K.I. 2: VII (1863), pp. 10, 11.

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  47. Here Urawan cannot be anything but an understandable graphic error for Malawa.

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  48. The Kitab Sittin is the little work of Abu ’l-cAbbās Aḥmad al-Zāhid (deceased 819/1416) entitled: Al-sittūn mas’ala fī ’l-fiqh, which is well-known in Indonesia; see BROCKELMANN, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, Suppl. II, p. 112. The Kitab al-durra is the Umm al-barāhīn of al-Sanūsī (dec. 892/1486) known in Java under the name ad-Durra; G.A.L., Vol. II: 250. The Kitab hidayat could be either the Hidāyat al-adhkiyā’ ilā tarīq alawliyā’ by Zainaddīn al-Malaibārī (dec. 928/1522; G.A.L., Vol. II: 221), or the Hidāyat al-sālikīn fī sulūk maslak al-muttaqīn, a Malay version of Ghazālī’s Bidāyat al-hidāya by cAbd al-Ṣamad al-Palimbānī, which was finished at Mecca in 1192/1778.

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  49. cAbd al-Wahhāb b. cAlī al-Subkī (dec. 771/1370), author of the Jam c aljawāmi c fī ’l- c uṣūl; regarding this famous work on the ‘roots’ of religious law see BROCKELMANN, G.A.L., Vol. II: 89; Suppl. II: 105.

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  50. K.B.N. Wdbk. Vol. II, p. 422.

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  51. Now in Leiden, Cod. 4043 (JUYNBOLL, Suppl. Cat. Jav. hss., Vol. II, p. 36, 37; see also BRANDES, Beschrijving ... Hss. ... Nalatenschap ... Van der Tuuk, Vol. I, pp. 79–81.

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  52. In the fable of the donkey, the ox and the farmer, which the wezir tells his daughter Sheherezade to persuade her to change her mind about becoming the Sultan’s wife. Cf. N. ELISÉEFF, Thèmes et motifs des Mille et Une Nuits, Beirut 1949, pp. 44, 136. Eliséeff observes: “Schlegel déjà avait trouvé ce conte dans le Ramayana, et Benfey le retrouve dans Harivamça et dans la traduction tamoule du Vetalapañcavimçati”. In Muslim tradition it is Solomon who understands the language of not only the birds, as it is said in Qor’ān 27: 16, but also all other animals. GERTH VAN WIJK, De Koranische verhalen in het Maleisch (T.B.G. Vol. XXXV and XXXVI) and POERBATJARAKA, Indon. Handschriften (Bandung 1950), p. 39 give instances taken from Indonesian Anbiya-books. It is worthy of note that the theme in question has found its way into Muslim mystical literature, as Von Grunebaum has demonstrated in connection with Kipling’s “The Butterfly that stamped”. But it has been given an altogether different turn here. Von Grunebaum translates a passage from al-Qushairi’s Risāla as follows: “Eine (männliche) Schwalbe begehrte seine Gefährtin im Pavillon Sulaimāns ... zu umarmen; doch sie weigerte sich ihm. Daraufhin sagte er zu ihr: warum versagst du dich mir? Wenn ich so wollte, würde ich Sulaimäns Pavillon auf den Kopf stellen. Da rief Sulaimān ... ihn an und sagte zu ihm: Was hat dich zu dieser Rede bewogen? Die Schwalbe antwortete: O Prophet Gottes! Liebende werden für ihre Worte nicht zur Rechenschaft gezogen. Und Sulaimän sagte: Du hast recht”. (Kritik und Dichtkunst, Studien zur Arabischen Literaturgeschichte, Wiesbaden 1955, pp. 78, 79; see also: R. HARTMANN, Al-Kuschairî’s Darstellung des Sûfîtums, Berlin 1914, p. 65.) It is all too clear that this motif is not of Ṣūfī origin, as Von Grunebaum supposes. Only its application is Ṣūfī.

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  53. Ed. Poerbatjaraka, Bibliotheca Javanica Vol. 4 (1933), p. 49, Canto IV no. 18: “One should never act in accordance with the ideas of just anyone, for in that case one would be ruined. Acting in accordance with the ideas of a woman means certain death and would expose one to ridicule forever. One would do well to deliberate to oneself beforehand. Unquestionably things will go best with you if you put your teacher’s ideas into practice”. This stanza corresponds to BÖHTLINGK, Indische Sprüche no. 7472. The śloka included in the Tantri Kāmandaka has a more direct bearing on the case; see HOOYKAAS, op. cit. p. 126 no. 75, and Tantri Kāmandaka (Bibi. Jav. Vol. 2), p. 200.

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  54. Miscellaneous Translations from Oriental Languages, Vol. I (London 1831), p. 55. The Vedala Cadai is a Tamil adaptation of the Vetālapañcaviṃçati. See also BENFEY, Orient und Occident, Vol. II (1862), p. 154.

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  55. In the Balai Pustaka edition, serie no. 1154 (1934), the 7th story (pp. 47–52).

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  56. Een Verslag van Professor A. C. Vreede enz., T.B.G., Vol. XXXV (1892), p. 448.

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  57. SERRURIER, De Wajang Poerwa (1896), p. 145, mentioning performances in Demak and Pemalang.

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  58. Van der Tuuk, Not. Bat. Gen. Vol. XXIX (1891), p. 33; Brandes, ibidem (1893), p. 78; id., T.B.G. Vol. XXXV (1893), p. 473 note 1; erroneously Vreede in his Cat. Jav. Hss. Leiden, p. 309; see also Hooykaas, Tantri, p. 129.

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  59. T.B.G. Vol. XLI (1899), p. 431–497.

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  60. WINTERNITZ, Geschichte der Indischen Literatur, Vol. III, p. 342 ff.

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  61. We leave aside here the distribution of these stories elsewhere in the Archipelago. For the Batak language-area see, for example, Van der Tuuk, Bataksch Leesboek IV, p. 47; Voorhoeve, Volksverhalen der Bataks, pp. 105, 106, 118, 123; T.B.G. Vol. LXXVII (1937), p. 623-’24.

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  62. VAN RONKEL, Cat. Mal. Hss. Batavia (Verh. Bat. Gen. Vol. LVII), p. 84.

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  63. Malay Literature Series 16, Singapore 1920, facing p. 14.

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  64. Tantri; see note 36.

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  65. Tantri Kämandaka. An Old-Javanese Pañcatantra version in text and translation edited by Dr. C. HOOYKAAS. Bibl. Jav. 2 (1931).

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  66. Dr. J. L. A. BRANDES, Beschrijving van de ruïne bij de desa Toempang, genaamd Tjandi Djago, in de residentie Pasoeroean. Archaeologisch Onderzoek op Jaxa en Madoera I (1904).

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  67. The jātaka in question is Kharaputta-jātaka; FAUSBÖLL, The Jātaka etc., Vol. III, p. 275, no. 386; translation III, p. 174. There are visual representations of this jātaka elsewhere too, and it is interesting to compare the clear representation of the story on Caṇḍi Jago with the insignificant representation on one of the glazed tiles on the terrace of the Mangala Chaitya temple, completed in about 1275, in Pagan in Burma, the subject of which it would be impossible to identify if it were not for the caption. See the reproduction in GRUENWEDEL, Buddhistische Studien. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Kon. Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin, Band V (1897), p. 26.

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  68. See Anti AARNE, Der tiersprachenkundige Mann und seine neugierige Frau. Folklore Fellows Communications 15 (1914).

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  69. Djåwå Vol. 16 (1936), pp. 60–73. Regarding Ida Bagoes Boeda, p. 67,

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  70. Ibidem Vol. 17 (1937), pp. 219, 220.

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  71. Ibidem Vol. 19 (1939), p. 55.

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  72. Gf. my observations on the metre kulanṭe in B.K.I. Vol. 124 (1968), pp. 238-’39.

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  73. Occurring also in the frame-story of the Thai Pañcatantra; see Edouard Lorgeou, Les Entretiens de Nang Tantrai, Paris 1924, from which the Dutch résumé by Hooykaas, Tantri pp. 41–43 was taken. I wish to remark here that the second of the three ‘judicial stories’ told in the kiduṅ (the thief who hid among the corpses), is not found in the Thai version. In Java it is further known from the Jugulmucfa (MS. Bible Soc. no. 68, preserved in the Leiden University Library; see Juynboll, Suppl. Cat. Jav. hss. Leiden, Vol. II, p. 442) and the Pustaka Purwa Panutub of R. M. Sumahatmaka, cod. or. Leiden 11083 B (occurrences of the year 772, second month).

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Drewes, G.W.J. (1975). Summary of the Contents of the Hikayat Shah Mardan. In: The Romance of King Aṅliṅ Darma in Javanese Literature. Bibliotheca Indonesica. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6822-1_2

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