Abstract
Some analogies in the distribution of damage in the 1985 Mexico, 1989 Loma Prieta, and 1995 Kobe earthquakes may be attributable to similarities in the history of reclamation of bayshore or lakeshore environments by emplacing artificial fill on soft mud. In all three cases, a transitional environment has generated similar soil types and analogous forms of human settlement. These similarities may translate into hazardous situations because of amplification of seismic waves in wedge-shaped low-velocity layers; nonlinearity of seismic wave propagation in soft water-saturated soils; transitions from solid-like to liquid-like behavior, including liquefaction and the emergence of prograde surface waves; and other unforeseen conditions arising from surface geology. Severe stability problems may arise in tall, top-heavy structures and in structures with horizontal spans of the order of the wavelength of surface waves. Effective strategies of hazard reduction include a recognition of the many unanticipated ways in which earthquake hazard may become an emergent property of complex nature-society systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Beresnev, I. A. and Wen, K.-L.: 1996, The possibility of observing nonlinear path effects in earthquake-induced seismic wave propagation, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, 1028–1041.
Berz, G.: 1995, Major disasters in 1994, Munich Reinsurance Corp., Munich.
Biot, M.: 1940, The influence of initial stress on elastic waves, J. Appl. Phys. 11, 522–530.
Casagrande, A.: 1936. Characteristics of cohesionless soils affecting the stability of slopes and earth fills, J. Boston Soc. Civ. Eng., January.
Chameau, J. L., Clough, G.W., Reyna, F., and Frost, J. D.: 1991, Liquefaction response of San Francisco bayshore fills, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 81, 1998–2018.
Darwin, C.: 1846, Geological Observations on South America, London.
Gilbert, F.: 1967, Gravitationally perturbed Rayleigh waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 57, 783–794.
Gilbert, F., Laster, S. J., Backus, M. M., and Schell, R.: 1962, Observation of pulses on an interface, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 52, 847–868.
Hanks, T. C. and Brady, A. G.: 1991, The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 81, 2019–2047.
Hardin, B. O. and Drnevich, V. P.: 1972, Shear modulus and damping in soils: Design equations and curves, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div, Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., SM7, 98, 667–692.
Infeld, E. and Rowlands, G.: 1990, Nonlinear Waves, Solitons and Chaos,Cambridge University Press.
Korteweg, D. J. and de Vries, G.: 1895, On the change of form of long waves advancing in a rectangular canal and on a new type of long stationary waves, Philos. Mag.39,422–443.
Lomnitz, C.: 1996, The gravilastic equation and the emergence of gravity waves in large earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86,1220–1228.
Miranda, E. and Bertero, V. V.: 1991, Evaluation of the failure of the Cypress viaduct in the Loma Prieta earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 81, 2070–2085.
Miyatake, T.: 1996, 3-D simulation of near-field strong motion based on dynamic modelling: basin edge effect derived from rupture directivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted.
Nonaka, T., Mimura, K., and Tanimura, S.: 1995. A note on structural failure due to the Great Hanshin Earthquake, Materials Sci. Res. Int. 1,132–133.
Shibata, T., Oka, F., and Ozawa, Y.: 1996, Characteristics of ground deformation due to liquefaction, Soils and Foundations (Japan), Special Issue, January, 65–79.
Tanaka, Y.: 1997, The behaviour of a man-made island during the Great Hanshin Earthquake, Japan, Natural Hazards 16, 267–285.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lomnitz, C. (1997). Mexico, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Kobe: What Next?. In: El-Sabh, M.I., Venkatesh, S., Lomnitz, C., Murty, T.S. (eds) Earthquake and Atmospheric Hazards. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5034-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5034-7_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6113-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5034-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive