Abstract
When in 1833 Sir Charles Bell (1833) first described movement and position sense (which Sherrington was to term proprioception 60 or so years later), he immediately also saw that often we do not attend to movement.
‘… we use our limbs without being conscious, or at least, without any conception of the thousand parts which must conform to a single act … we stand by so fine an exercise of this power, and the muscles are, from habit, directed with so much precision and with an effort so slight, that we do not know how he stand. But if we attempt to walk on a narrow ledge, or stand in a situation where we are in danger of falling we become subject to apprehension; the actions of the muscles are magnified and demonstrative to the degree in which they are excited.’ Bell 1833 (italics added.)
He was aware that even similar actions can sometimes be automatic and sometimes attended to. The effects of removal of these senses of movement and position sense and of touch were investigated in 1895 by Sherrington and Mott. This was possible by sectioning the dorsal, sensory, roots of a series of monkeys.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bell, Sir C (1833) The hand: its mechanism and vital endowments as evincing design. Bridgewater Lecture Series. London. Pickering reprinted by Pilgrim’s Press, Brentwood, 1979.
Brodal A (1973) Self observations and neuro-anatomical considerations after a stroke. Brain 96:675-694
Cole J (1995) Pride and a daily marathon. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Cole J (1998) About face. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Cole JD (2004a) Still lives. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Cole J (2004b) On the relation between sensory input and action. J Motor Behav 36(3):243-244
Cole J (2007) The phenomenology of agency and intention in the face of paralysis and insentience. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 6:309-325
Cole JD, Montero B (2006) Affective proprioception. Janus Head 9(2):299-320
Cole J, Spalding H (2008) The invisible smile. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York
Cole J, Gallagher S, McNeill D (2002) Gesture following deafferentation: a phenomenologically informed experimental study. Phenomenol cogn Sci 1:49-67
Cole J, Dawson A, Rawlence C, Walker L (2007) Still life in eight movements. Wellcome Trust Sciart project
Cole J, Crowle S, Austwick G and Henderson-Slater D (2009) Exploratory findings in virtual induced agency for phantom limb pain. Disability & Rehabilitation, 10:846-854
Desmond DM, O’Neill K, De Paor H, Mac Derby G, MacLachlan M (2006) Augmenting the reality of phantom limbs; three case studies using an augmented mirror box procedure. J Prosthet Orthot 18(3):74-79
Farrer C and Frith CD (2002) Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action. Neuroimage, 15:596-603.
ffytche DH, Howard RJ (1999) The perceptual consequences of visual loss; positive pathologies of vision. Brain 122:1247-1260
Fourneret P, Jeannerod M (1998) Limited conscious monitoring of motor performance in normal subjects. Neuropsychologia 36(11):1133-1140
Gallagher S (1986) Lived body and environment. Res Phenomenol 16:139-170
Gallagher S (2004) Neurocognitive models of schizophrenia: a phenomenological critique. Psychopathology 37:8-19 (with a response from Christopher F (2004) Comments on Shaun Gallagher. Psychopathology 37:20-22
Gallagher, S (2005) How the body shapes the mind. Oxford: OUP
Gandevia SC, Killian K, McKenzie DK, Crawford M, Allen GM, Gorman RB, Hales JP (1993) Respiratory sensations, cardiovascular control, kinaesthesia and transcranial stimulation during paralysis in humans. J Physiol 470:85-107
Haggard P, Clark S (2003) Intentional action: conscious experience and neural prediction. Conscious Cogn 12:695-707
Haggard P, Clark S, Kalogeras J (2002) Voluntary action and conscious awareness. Nat Neurosci 5(4):382-385
Haggard P and Eimer M. (1999) On the relation between brain potentials and the awareness of voluntary movements. Exp Brain Res. 126(1):128-33.
Haggard P and Magno E. (1999) Localising awareness of action with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 127(1):102-7.
Haggard P and Libet B. (2001) Conscious intention and brain activity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, Volume 8, Number 11, pp. 47-64(18) Haggard P. Conscious intention and motor cognition. Trends in Cog Science, 9, 6, 290-295
Hill J (2000) Footprints in the snow. Macmillan, London
Leder D (1990) The absent body. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
Libet B, Gleason CA, Wright EW, Pearl DK (1983) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness potential). The unconscious initiation of a free voluntary act. Brain 106:623-642
Marcel A (2002) The sense of agency: awareness and ownership of action. Chapter 2, In: Roessler J, Eilan N (eds) Agency and self-awareness. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 48-93
Mercier C, Reilly KT, Vargas CD, Aballea A, Sirigu A (2006) Mapping phantom movement representations in the motor cortex of amputees. Brain 129(8):2202-2210
Merleau-Ponty M. The Primacy of Perception. Illinois: Northwestern University Press
Miall RC, Cole JD (2007) Evidence for stronger visuo-motor than visuo-proprioceptive conflict during mirror drawing performed by a deafferented subject and control subjects. Exp Brain Res 176(3):432-439
Mott FW, Sherrington CS (1895) Experiments upon the influence of sensory nerves upon movement and nutrition of the limbs. Proc Roy Soc 57:481-488
Mulert C, Menzinger E, Leicht G, Pogarell O, Hegerl U (2005) Evidence for a close relationship between conscious effort and anterior cingulate cortex activity. Int J Psychophysiol 56(1):65-80
Murphy R (1987) The body silent. Henry Holt, New York
Murray CD, Pettifer S, Howard T, Patchick EL, Caillette F, Kulkarni J, Bamford C (2007) The treatment of phantom limb pain using immersive virtual reality: three case studies. Disabil Rehabil 29(18):1465-1469
Naccache L, Dehaene S, Cohen L, Habert MO, Guichart-Gomez E, Galanaud D, Willer JC (2005) Effortless control: executive attention and conscious feeling of mental effort are dissociable. Neuropsychologia. 43(9):1318-28
Olausson H, Lamarre Y, Backlund H, Morin C, Wallin BG, Starck G, Ekholm S, Strigo I, Worsley K, Vallbo AB, Bushnell MC (2002) Unmyelinated tactile afferents signal touch and project to insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 5(9):900-904
Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D, Cobb S (1995) Touching the phantom limb. Nature 377:489-490
Reeve C (2002) Nothing is impossible; reflections on a new life. Century, London
Reilly KT, Mercier C, Schieber MH, Sirigu A (2006) Persistent hand motor commands in the amputees’ brain. Brain 129(8):2211-2223
Sacks O (1981) The man who mistook his wife for a hat. Duckworth, London
Sacks O (1984) A leg to stand on. Duckworth, London
Sherrington C (1900) Cutaneous sensation. In: Schafer EA (ed) Textbook of physiology, Pentland, Edinburgh. p 974
Tsakiris M, and Haggard P (2005) Experimenting with the acting self. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(3/4):387-407
Wegner D (2002) The illusion of conscious will. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA/London
Wittgenstein L (1980) Remarks on the philosophy of psychology. Blackwell, Oxford, p31e
Wittgenstein L (1981) Zettel, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cole, J. (2010). Agency with Impairments of Movement. In: Schmicking, D., Gallagher, S. (eds) Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2645-3
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2646-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)