Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bacterial Growth and Biofouling Control in Purified Water Systems

  • Conference paper
Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems

Abstract

Purified water used in product formulation, cleaning, and cooling operations has evolved from a process fluid to an essential raw material. Levels of biological and abiological contaminants which were undetectable five years ago are now regarded as unacceptable for many products and processes. While recent advances in analytical chemistry and fine particle physics have resulted in dramatic reductions in abiological contaminants, biological contamination of purified waters used in these critical industries remains a significant challenge to future product development. In the semiconductor industry, 1 pm and smaller line-width devices are subject to fatal defects as a result of bacteria present in “ultrapure water.” Active ingredient degradation and pyrogen contamination of heat labile biological and medical devices have been linked to purified water contamination. The extent of bacterial growth and biofilm formation in 18 MOhmcm waters is a function of materials selection, systems design, and preventative maintenance protocol Limiting essential growth factors — C, N, P, S, trace elements, light — in purified water systems is an important key to the control of biological contamination. Development of on-line, real time biofouling detection systems is currently underway. These evolving systems, which include supercritical fluid extraction of signature biomarkers and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy should provide insight into conditions pro-moting the development of fouling biofilms. Future applications of novel detection and treatment systems will include advanced life support systems such as those found on the space station.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Yang M, Tolliver DL (1989) Ultrapure water particle monitoring for advanced semiconductor manufacturing. J. Environ. Sci. July/August, 35–42

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mittelman MW, Geesey GG (1987) Biological fouling of industrial water systems: a problem solving approach. Water Micro Associates, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  3. Morita RY (1985) Starvation and miniaturization of heterotrophs, with special emphasis on maintenance of the starved viable state. In: Fletcher M, Floodgate G (eds) Bacteria in the natural environments: the effect of nutrient conditions, Society for General Microbiology, London; 111–130

    Google Scholar 

  4. Novitsky TJ (1984) Monitoring and validation of high purity water systems with the Limulus amebocyte lysate test for pyrogens. Pharm. Engin. 4, 21–33

    Google Scholar 

  5. Reasoner DJ, Geldreich EE (1985) New medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49, 1–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson RL, Bland LA, Favero MS, McNeil MM, Davis BJ, Macke] DC, Gravelle CR (1985) Factors associated with Pseudomonas pickettii intrinsic contamination of commercial respiratory solutions marketed as sterile. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 1343–1348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Christian DA, Meltzer TH (1986) The penetration of membranes by organism grow-though and its related problems. Ultrapure Water 3, 39–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Howard G, Duberstein R (1980) A case of penetration of 0.2 gm-rated membrane filters by bacteria. J. Parent. Drug Assoc. 34, 95–102

    Google Scholar 

  9. Simonetti JA, Schroeder HG (1984) Evaluation of bacterial grow-through. J. Environ. Sci. 27, 27–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mittelman MW (1986) Biological fouling of purified water systems: part III, Treatment. Microcontamination 4(1); 30–40; 70

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wilson LA, Schlitzer, Ahearn DG (1981) Pseudomonas corneal ulcers associated with soft contact lens wear. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 92, 546–554

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Michels DL (1981) Validation and control of deionized water systems. FDA Abstracts August.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Novitsky TJ, Schmidt-Gengenbach J, Remillard JF (1986) Factors affecting recovery of endotoxin adsorbed to container surfaces. J. Parent. Sci. Technol. 40, 284–286

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Roberts C (1988) Direct detection and enumeration of Mycobacteria in disinfectants by epifluorescence microscopy. Abs. Ann. Meet. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., May 8–13, Miami Beach, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Klein E, Pass Ted, Harding GB, Wright R, Million C (1990) Microbial and endotoxin contamination of water and dialysate in the central United States. Artificial Organs 14 (2), 85–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Murphy JJ, Bland LA, Davis BJ, Maxey RW, Light A, Favero MS, Solomon SL (1987) Pyrogenic reactions associated with high-flux hemodialysis. ICAAC Abstract 27: 109

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dial F, Chu T (1987) The effect of high bacteria levels with low TOC levels on bipolar transistors: a case study. Proceedings of the 67th annual Semiconductor Pure Water Conference, January, San Jose, CA; 178–193

    Google Scholar 

  18. Craven RA, Ackerman AJ,, Tremont PL (1986) High purity water technology for silicon wafer cleaning in VLSI production. Microcontamination 4 (11), 1421

    Google Scholar 

  19. Eisenmann DE, Ebel CJ (1988) Sulfuric acid and DI point of use particle counts and resultant silicon wafer FM levels. Proceedings of the 9th annual meeting of the Institute For Environmental Sciences (ICCS), September 26–30, Los Angeles; 547559

    Google Scholar 

  20. Poirier SJ (1985) The new role of TOC analysis in pure water system management. Proceedings of the 4th annual Semiconductor Pure Water Conference, January, San Francisco; 197–210

    Google Scholar 

  21. Harned W (1986) Bacteria as a particle source in wafer processing equipment. J. Environ. Sci. 24 (3), 33

    Google Scholar 

  22. Crooke M, Lutsch AGK (1976) Process evaluation of high packing density semiconductor logic circuits by a scanning electron microscope. Proc. Electron Microscopy Soc. Southern Africa ann. conf., December, Johannesburg

    Google Scholar 

  23. Stoecker JG, Pope DH (1986) Study of biological corrosion in high temperature demineralized water. Paper no. 126, Proc. Nat. Assoc. Corr. Engineers ann. meeting, NACE Publications, Houston, TX

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ishida Y, Kadota H (1981) Growth patterns and substrate requirements of naturally occurring obligate oligotrophs. Microb. Ecol. 7, 123–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Novitsky JA, Morita RY (1978) Possible strategy for the survival of marine bacteria under starvation conditions. Mar. Biol. 48, 289–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Tabor PS, Ohwada K,, Colwell RR (1981) Filterable marine bacteria found in the deep sea: distribution, taxonomy, and response to starvation. Microb. Ecol. 7, 67–83

    Google Scholar 

  27. Marshall KC (1988) Adhesion and growth of bacteria at surfaces in oligotrophic environments. Can. J. Microbiol. 34, 503–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Johnston PR, Burt SC (1976) Bacterial growth in charcoal filters. Filtr. Sep. 13, 240–244

    Google Scholar 

  29. Collentro WV (1986) Pretreatment part II: activated carbon filtration. Ultrapure Water 3 (3), 39–44

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ridgway HF, Rogers DM,, Argo DG (1986) Effect of surfactants on the adhesion of mycobacteria to reverse osmosis membranes. Proc. semiconductor pure water conf., January, San Francisco; 133–164

    Google Scholar 

  31. Flemming HC (1987) Microbial growth on ion exchangers. Wat. Res. 21, 745–756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Youngberg DA (1985) Sterilizing storage tanks in a pure water system. Ultrapure Water 2 (4), 45

    Google Scholar 

  33. Meltzer TH (1987) Filtration in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Marcel Dekker, New York, 493–544

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mittelman MW, White DC (1989) The role of biofilms in bacterial penetration of microporous membranes. Proc. Pharm. Technol. meetings, September 18–20, Philadelphia; 211–221

    Google Scholar 

  35. LeChevallier MW, Cawthon CD, Lee RG (1988) Factors promoting survival of bacteria in chlorinated water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 649–654

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wolf H, Schoppmann H (1989) Streptomycetes can grow through small filter capillaries. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 57, 259–264

    Google Scholar 

  37. Code of Federal Regulations (1987) Guidelines on sterile drug products produced by aseptic processing. 21 CFR 10.90, June.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Health Industry Manufacturers Association (1982) Microbiological evaluation of filters for sterilizing liquids. HIMA 3(4), Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  39. American Society for Testing and Materials (1983) Bacterial retention of membranes utilized for liquid filtration. ASTM F838–83, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mittelman MW, Nivens DE, Low C, White DC (1990). Differential adhesion, activity, and carbohydrate:protein ratios of Pseudomonas atlantica monocultures attaching to stainless steel in a linear shear gradient. Microb. Ecol. 19, 269–278

    Google Scholar 

  41. Characklis WG (1990) Biofilm processes. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. John Wiley, New York; 195–231

    Google Scholar 

  42. Goldberg ED (1986) TBT, an environmental dilemma. Environment 28 (8), 17–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Absolom DR, Lamberti FV, Policova Z, Zingg W, van Oss C,, Neumann AW (1983) Surface thermodynamics of bacterial adhesion. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46, 90–97

    Google Scholar 

  44. Baier RE, Shafrin EG, Zisman WA (1968) Adhesion: mechanisms that assist or impede it. Science 162, 1360–1363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rosenberg M, Kjelleberg S (1987) Hydrophobic interactions: role in bacterial adhesion. In: Marshall KC (ed), Advances in microbial ecology, vol 9, Plenum Press, New York; 353–393

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sauer RL (1981) The potable water. NASA STS-1 Technical Report No. N82–15711 06–51, 63–66

    Google Scholar 

  47. Powitz RW, Hunter J (1985) Design and performance of single-lamp, high-flow ultraviolet disinfectors. Ultrapure Water 2 (1), 32–34

    Google Scholar 

  48. Wyatt PJ (1973) Differential light scattering techniques for microbiology. In: Norris JR, Ribbons DW (eds) Methods in microbiology. Vol 8, Academic Press, New York; 183

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wyatt PJ (1973) Differential light scattering techniques for microbiology. In: Norris JR, Ribbons DW (eds) Methods in microbiology. Vol 8, Academic Press, New York; 183

    Google Scholar 

  50. Dalterio RA, Nelson WH, Britt D, Sperry JF (1987) An ultraviolet (242 nm excitation) resonance Raman study of live bacterial components. Appl. Spectrosc. 41, 417–422

    Google Scholar 

  51. Nichols PD, Henson JM, Guckert JB, Nivens DE, White DC (1985) Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopic methods for microbial ecology: analysis of bacteria, bacteria-polymer mixtures, and biofilms. J. Microb. Meth. 4, 79–94

    Google Scholar 

  52. White, DC, Jack RF, Dowling NJE, Franklin MJ, Nivens DE, Brooks S, Mittelman MW, Vass AA, Isaacs HS (1990) Microbially influenced corrosion of carbon steel. Proc. Nat. Assoc. Corros. Engineers ann meet., April, Las Vegas

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dowling NJE, Stansbury EE, White DC, Borenstein SW, Danko JC (1989) On-line electrochemical monitoring of microbially induced corrosion. In: Kucubam GJ (ed) Microbial corrosion: 1988 workshop proceedings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA (report EPRI R-6345;8000–26); 5–17

    Google Scholar 

  54. Deakin MR, Buttry DA (1989) Electrochemical applications of the quartz crystal microbalance. Anal. Chem. 61, 1147–1154

    Google Scholar 

  55. Novitsky TJ (1987) Bacterial endotoxins (pyrogens) in purified waters. In: Mittelman MW, Geesey GG (eds) Biological fouling of industrial water systems: a problem solving approach. Water Micro Associates, San Diego; 77–96

    Google Scholar 

  56. White DC, Mittelman MW (1989) Detection of endotoxins of gram negative bacteria, United States Patent Application (pending )

    Google Scholar 

  57. Parker JH, Smith GA, Fredrickson HL, Vestal JR, White DC (1982) Sensitive assay, based on hydroxy-fatty acids from lipopolysaccharide lipid A for gram negative bacteria in sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44, 1170–1177

    Google Scholar 

  58. White DC (1986) Assessment of marine biofouling formation, succession, and metabolic activity. In: Thompson, MF et al (eds) Marine biodeterioration, advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean, Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  59. White DC (1988) Validation of quantitative analysis for microbial biomass, community structure, and metabolic activity. Adv. Limnol. 31. 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ridgway HF, Justice CA, Whittaker C, Argo DG, Olsen BH (1984) Biofilm fouling of RO membranes - its nature and effect on treatment of water for reuse. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 76, 94–102

    Google Scholar 

  61. Wolfe RL, Ward NR, Olsen BH (1988) Inorganic chloramines as drinking water disinfectants: a review. J. Am. Water. Works Assoc. 76 (5), 74–88

    Google Scholar 

  62. Mittelman MW (1986) Trends in the detection and control of biological fouling in purified water systems. Ultrapure Water 3 (6), 22–23

    Google Scholar 

  63. Nebel C, Nebel T (1984) Ozone: the process water sterilant. Pharm. Manufact. 1 (2), 16–22

    Google Scholar 

  64. Block SS (1983) Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  65. Costerton JW (1983) United States Patent No. 4, 419, 248

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Applied Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 10515 Research Drive Suite 300, Knoxville, TN, 37932, USA

    Marc W. Mittelman

Authors
  1. Marc W. Mittelman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Chemische Abteilung, Universität Stuttgart, Bandtäle 1, 7000, Stuttgart 80, Germany

    Hans-Curt Flemming

  2. Dept. of Microbiology, California State University, 90840, Long Beach, CA, USA

    Gill Gregory Geesey

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Mittelman, M.W. (1991). Bacterial Growth and Biofouling Control in Purified Water Systems. In: Flemming, HC., Geesey, G.G. (eds) Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76543-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76543-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76545-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76543-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation