Abstract
Most calcium-containing calculi with which the urologist has to deal are initially the sole or the primary pathological abnormality in the affected kidney, which later undergoes the expected pathological changes. In some patients it emerges at once, or after investigation, that the renal stone is associated with one or other of a varied collection of intrarenal obstructive, cystic, neoplastic and vascular pathological conditions of the kidney and the ureter, and which pose problems of diagnosis. In such cases the clinical symptoms of the stone may be the first to present, or alternatively those related to the associated condition may be recognized first and the calculus discovered on investigation. A list of the conditions to be referred to is given below. Just as the pathological conditions within the kidney, in such cases, are biphasic, so also is the appropriate treatment if both conditions are to be relieved.
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Pyrah, L.N. (1979). Intrarenal, Pararenal and Ureteric Disorders Complicated by Renal Calculi and Calcification. In: Renal Calculus. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67124-1_4
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