Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Atmospheres of the Planets

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Astrophysics III: The Solar System / Astrophysik III: Das Sonnensystem

Part of the book series: Handbuch der Physik Encyclopedia of Physics ((PHYSIK 11,volume 11 / 52))

Abstract

The atmospheres of the planets have markedly different compositions from that of the Sun, and the origin of these differences is a fascinating study of the chemistry and physics of the elements which has been pursued by many scholars. The planetary atmospheres consist of hydrogen, helium and the other inert gases and compounds of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen to the exclusion in a high degree of any other elements. Moreover, these atmospheres in some cases have surely changed their chemical composition during the time since the solar system can be said with some precision to have originated. These chemical changes depend upon the chemical properties of the compounds of these elements, the electromagnetic and particle radiation from the Sun, the relative proportions of the elements, the temperatures of the planets and other factors. The terrestrial planets have atmospheres which are very thin, while the atmospheres of the major planets are very deep and hence the two groups present quite different problems. Because of our better understanding of the Earth’s atmosphere it will be discussed in detail first and then other atmospheres will be compared with that of the Earth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, W. S., and T. Dunham jr.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 44, 243 (1932).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, W. S., and T. Dunham jr.: Astrophys. Journ. 79, 308 (1934).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, and C. E. St. John: Astrophys. Journ. 63, 133 (1926).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adel, A.: Astrophys. Journ. 86, 337 (1937a);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adel, A.: Astrophys. Journ. 85, 345 (1937b);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adel, A.: Astrophys. Journ. 87, 198 (1938);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adel, A.: Astrophys. Journ. 93, 397 (1941).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adel, and C. O. Lampland: Astrophys. Journ. 93, 391 (1941).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Adel, and V.M. Slipher: Phys. Rev. 46, 240 (1934).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Antoniadi, E. M.: La Planète Mars. Paris: Hermann & Cie. 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoniadi, La Planète Mercure. Paris: Gauthier-Villars (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, S.: Die Atmosphären der Planeten. Ann. d. Naturphil. Lpz. 9, 22 (1910).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aston, F. W.: Nature, Lond. 94, 786 (1924).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bahr, J. N.: Ind. J. Phys. 12, 363 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, R.: The Face of the Moon. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barabascheff, N., and B. Semejkin: Z. Astrophys. 8, 44 (1934).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barabascheff, and I. Timoshenko: Astronom. J. Soviet Union 17, 52 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, D. R.: The Earth as a Planet, ed. by G. P. Kuiper, Chap. 12. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, and H. S. W. Massey: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 187, 261 (1946);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, and H. S. W. Massey: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 192, 1 (1947).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, and M. Nicolet: J. Geophys. Res. 55, 301 (1950).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, and Agnes E. Witherspoon: Monthly Notices Roy. Astronom. Soc. London 112, 101 (1952).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, J. D.: Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. A 62, 537 (1949);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, J. D.: Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B 62, 597 (1949).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, The Physical Basis of Life. London: Rutledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhar, J. N.: Ind. J. Phys. 12, 363–386 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Biermann, L.: Z. Astrophys. 29, 274 (1951).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, A. W.: J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 75, 351 (1949).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, and J.T. Houghton: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 236, 17 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. S.: Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, Chap. 9, ed. by G. P. Kuiper. 1st ed. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunt, D.: Physical and Dynamical Meteorology. Cambridge 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunt, D.: Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 59, 351 (1933).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Byram, E. T., T. A. Chubb and H. Friedman: J. Geophys. Res. 61, 251 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Byram, E. T., T. A. Chubb and H. Friedman and J. E. Kupperian jr.: Astrophys. Journ. 124, 480 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Camichel, H.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 219, 21 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Camichel, H.: Bull. Astronomique 18, 83 – 191 (1954).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, W. W., and S. Albrecht: Lick Obs. Bull. No. 180, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chackett, K. F., F. A. Paneth and E.J. Wilson: J. Atmos. and Terres. Phys. 1, 49 (1950).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, J. W., and G. P. Kuiper: Astrophys. Journ. 124, 399 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 132, 353 (1931).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S.: J. Geophys. Res. 61, 350 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, D. A., and H.L. Welsh: Canad. J. Phys. 32, 291 (1954).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W.: Astronom. Nachr. 224, 361–378 (1925a).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W.: Bureau of Standards, Sci. Papers 20, 371 – 397 (1925b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W.: Popular Astronomy 33, 310–316, 363 – 382 (1925c).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W.: 35, 145–157 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W. and C. O. Lampland: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 36, 274 (1924);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W. and C. O. Lampland: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 38, 355 (1926).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W. and C. O. Lampland: J. Franklin Inst. 199, 785 (1925).;

    Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W. and C. O. Lampland: J. Franklin Inst. 200, 103 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, W. W. and C. O. Lampland and D.H. Menzel: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 39, 97 – 100 (1927).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, R. A.: Meteor. Monographs 1, No. 2 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, M. F., H. L. Welsh, J. C. F. MacDonald and J. L. Locke: Phys. Rev. 80, 469 (1950).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, A. R., and R. M. Goody: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 236, 193 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Danjon, A.: L’Astronomie 57, 161 (1943).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Danjon, A.: L’Astronomie 60, 45 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Danjon, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 227, 652 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Danjon, A.: The Earth as a Planet, ed. by G. P. Kuiper, Chap. 15. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, G. M. B.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 129, 411 (1930) and references given there.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 227, 331–333 (1948a);

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 227, 383 (1948b);

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 231, 1430 (1950);

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 233, 467, 1066 (1951);

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 234, 2046 (1952);

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 235, 1479 (1952);

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 238, 1475 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: La Météorologie 1956, No. 42, 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: Mem. Soc. roy. Sci. Liège. Ser. IV 18, 141 – 146 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: Private communication (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A, and H. Camichel: Astronomie 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dütsch, H. U.: Diss. Zürich 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham jr., T.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 45, 42, 202 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham jr., T.: Atm. of the Earth and Planets, ed. by G. P. Kuiper. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham jr., T.: Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, ed. by G. P. Kuiper, p. 302. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsasser, W. M.: Harvard Meteor. Studies, Milton, Mass. 6, 97 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fessenkoff, B. G.: Astronom. J. Soviet Union 21, 257 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fessenkopf, B.: Astronom. Nachr. 228, 25 – 32 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • George, J. J.: Compendium of Meteorology. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 1950, p. 1180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, G. K.: Bull. Phil. Soc. Washington 12, 241 (1893).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gluckauf, E.: Compendium of Meteorology, p. 3. Amer. Meteor. Soc, Boston, Mass. 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goody, R. M.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 197, 487 (1949).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Goody, R. M.: Weather 12, 3 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gowan, E. H.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 190, 219, 227 (1947).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean, J., and R. M. Goody: Astrophys. Journ. 121, 548 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamy and Millochau: Annual Report of the Obs. Paris, pp. 23 – 24. 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harteck, P.: J. Chem. Phys. 23, 902 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harteck, P. and J. H. D. Jensen: Z. Naturforsch. 3a, 591 (1948).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G.: Infrared and Raman Spectra. New York: Van Nostrand Co. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G.: Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, 1st ed., ed. by G. P. Kuiper. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G.: Astrophys. Journ. 115, 337 (1952).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G.: Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada 46, Sec. III, 1–22 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G., and L. Herzberg: Nature, Lond. 161, 283 (1948).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G., and L. Herzberg: J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 43, 1037 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G., and L. Herzberg, and D. A. Ramsey: Unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. L.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 60, 289 (1948).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. L.: J. Meteorology 7, 1 – 13 (1950); cf. also Sky and Telescope 9, 155 – 157 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. L.: Lowell Observatory Report, The Study of Planetary Atmospheres 21. 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. L.: Astrophys. Journ. 118, 151 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. L.: Technical Report No. 8, Florida State University, Dept of Meteorology 1957;

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. L.: Astrophys. Journ. 127, 741 (1958).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, H. G., and W. H. Radford: Pap. Phys. Ocean. Meteor., Mass. Inst. Tech., Woods Hole Ocean. Inst. 6, No. 4 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. N., D. L. Burch and D. Williams: Geophys. Res. Paper, No. 40. Geophysics Research Directorate 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulburt, E. O.: J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 37, 405 (1947).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. A., and D. Allan: Nature, Lond. 177, 155 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeans, J.: Dynamical Theory of Gases, Chap. XV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys, H.: Nature, Lond. 96, 934 (1924).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, F. S.: J. Meteorology 11, 431 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, F. S.: J. Geophys. Res. 61, 71 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. E.: Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 22, 535 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, K. K.: Cont. to Data on Theor. Metallurgy, Bull. 476, Bur. of Mines, U.S. Dept. of Interior 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koene (1856).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozyrev, H. A.: Publ. Crimean Astrophys. Obs. 12, 169 (1954a);

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozyrev, H. A.: Publ. Crimean Astrophys. Obs. 12, 177 (1954b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Astrophys. Journ. 106, 251 (1947);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Astrophys. Journ. 109, 540 (1949a);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Astrophys. Journ. 110, 93 (1949b);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Astrophys. Journ. 120, 603 (1954) (Pole of Venus).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Rep. Progr. Phys. 13, 247 (1950).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 62, 133 (1950).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, ed. by G. P. Kuiper. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: Smithson. Contr. Astrophys. 1, 89 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyot, B.: Ann. Obs. Paris (Meudon), 8 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyot, B.: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 205, 895 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyot, B.: L’Astronomie 52, 45 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyttleton, R. A.: Monthly Notices Roy. Astronom. Soc. London 97, 108 (1936).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor, A.: South Afr. J. Sci. 24, 155 (1927).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, W. C. de: This Handbook.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, D. B.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 66, 161 (1954).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, C. H., R. M. Stoanaker and T. P. McCollough: As reported in Sky and Telescope 15, 435 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzel, D.H.: Astrophys. Journ. 63, 48–59 (1926).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyot, B.: Observatory 70, 223 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyot, B.: W. W. Coblentz and C. O. Lampland: Astrophys. Journ. 63, 177 (1926).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyot, B., and F. L. Whipple: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 67, 161 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Migeotte, M., and L. Neven: Physica, Haag 16, 423 (1950).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S.: Science, Lancaster, Pa. 117, 528 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyot, B. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 2351 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, S. K.: The Upper Atmosphere. Asiatic Society, Calcutta 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, S. K. J. N. Bhar and S. P. Ghosh: Ind. J. Phys. 12, 455–465 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohler, F. L.: J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand 25, 507 – 518 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M.: J. Geophys. Res. 54, 373 – 381 (1949).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M.: Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere. Albuquerque N. M.: University of New Mexico Press 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M.: The Earth as a Planet, ed. by G. P. Kuiper. Chap. 13. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M.: Ann. Géophys. 13 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oparin, A. I.: The Origin of Life. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Öpik, E.: Irish Astron. J. 1, 45 (1950); 4, 37 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peek, B. M.: J. Brit. Astronom. Assoc. 44, 220 (1934); 50, 4 (1939).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: and S. B. Nicholson: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 36, 269 – 272 (1924a).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: and S. B. Nicholson: Pop. Astron. 32, 601–608 (1924b);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: and S. B. Nicholson: Pop. Astron. 32, 614 (1924c);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: and S. B. Nicholson: Pop. Astron. 33, 299 (1925a).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: and S. B. Nicholson: Astronom. Nachr. 225, 331 – 334 (1925b).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: and S. B. Nicholson: Astrophys. Journ. 71, 131 (1930);

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: and S. B. Nicholson: Astrophys. Journ. 83, 84 (1936).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, E.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 67, 293 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, J. H. J.: Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. 22, 345 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, D. A.: J. Chem. Phys. 21, 960 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, D. A.: Private communication (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, F. O.: Sci. Amer. 194, No. 6, 119 (1956). See

    Google Scholar 

  • F. O. Rice and M. Freamo: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75, 548 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, R. S.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 67, 304 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • The Rocket Panel: Phys. Rev. 88, 1027 – 1032 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, F. E.: Astrophys. Journ. 64, 243 – 249 (1926); cf. also

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, F. E.Astrophys. Journ. 65, 266 – 268 (1927); 68, 57 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossini, E. D., D. D. Wagman, W. H. Evans, S. Levine and I. Jaffe: Selected Values of Chem. Therm. Prop., Circular Bur. of Stand. No. 500, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubey, W. W.: Crust of the Earth, ed. by A. Poldervaart. Geol. Soc. Amer., Special Paper 62, 631–650 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. H., R. S. Dugan and J. Q. Stewart: Astronomy. New York: Gin & Co. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. H., and D. H. Menzel: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 19, 997 (1933).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • St. John, C. E., and S. B. Nicholson: Phys. Rev. 19, 444 (1922a).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • St. John, C. E., and S. B. Nicholson: Astrophys. Journ. 56, 380 (1922b).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharonow, W. W.: Poulkovo Obs. Circ. No. 32, 62–73 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenberg, E.: Sitzgsber. bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Kl. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröer, E.: Ber. Dtsch. Wetterd. U.S.-Zone Nr. 11, Bad Kissingen 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, R.: The Study of Planetary Atmospheres, Lowell Obs. Report by the Geophys. Res. Division of the Air Force, Cambridge Res. Center 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, R.: J. Meteorology 10, 350 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, E. C.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific. 39, 209 (1927);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, E. C.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific. 49, 137–140 (1937).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, E. C.: Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 79, 441 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, E. C.: Sky and Telescope 3, No. 5, 3 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, E. C.: Telescope 7, 102 (1940);

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, E. C.: Telescope 14, 361 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, E. C., and A. G. Wilson: Astronom. Soc. Pacific, Leaflet No. 301, p. 7, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, V. M.: Lowell Obs. Bull. No. 3 and 4, 1903; No. 16, 1905; No. 27, 1906; No. 42, 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, V. M.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 36, 261 (1924).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, V. M.: Pop. Astron. 37, 138 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slipher, V. M.: Monthly Notices Roy. Astronom. Soc. London 93, 657 (1933).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer jr., L.: Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, ed. by G. P. Kuiper. Chap. VII. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago University Press 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, J., and W. M. Sinton: Science, Lancaster, Pa. 123, 676 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumpff, K.: Astronom. Nachr. 276, 121 (1948).

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Suess, H. E.: J. Geology 57, 600 (1949).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sytinskaya, N. N.: C.R.Acad. Sci. USSR. 43, 147 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thode, H. G., J. MacNamara and W. H. Fleming: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 3, 235 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tikhoff, G. A. et al.: Astron. Zhurn. SSSR. 29, 738–741 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend jr., J. W., E. B. Meadows and P. E. C. Pressly: Rocket exploration of the upper atmosphere, ed. by R. L. F. Boyd and M. J. Seaton, p. 169. London: Pergamon Press 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troitskaya, O. V.: Astronom. J. Soviet Union 29, 57 – 62 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trumpler, R. J.: Lick Obs. Bull. 13, 19 (1927).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 1, 207 (1951).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: The Planets. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press 1952a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 38, 351 (1952b).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: XII-th Internat. Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Plenary Lectures. p. 188, 1953a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 219, 281 (1953b).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: Astrophys. Journ. Suppl. 1, 147 (1954).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: Sky and Telescope 15, Nos. 3 and 4, (1956a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: Z. angew. Chem. 68, 533 (1956).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C.: Phys. and Chem. of the Earth, Vol. 2. London: Pergamon Press 1956b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H. C., and A. W. Brewer: Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 241, 37 – 43 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaucouleurs, G. de: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 220, 903 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaucouleurs, G. de: Ciel et Terre 61, 256 (1945).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaucouleurs, G. de: Physics of the Planel Mars. London 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Very, F. W.: Lowell Obs. Bull. Nos. 36 and 41, 1908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., M. Zelikoff and E. C. Y. Inn: Geophys. Res. Papers No. 21, Geophys. Res. Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Res. Center (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, H. L., M. F. Crawford, J. C. F. MacDonald and D. A. Chrisholm: Phys. Rev. 83, 1264 (1951).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple, F. L.: Earth, Moon and Planets. Philadelphia: Blakiston & Co. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, R.: Naturwiss. 19, 109 (1931).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, R.: Veröff. Univ. Sternwarte Göttingen No. 22, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, R.: Astrophys. Journ. 86, 321 (1937).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, R. v. d. R.: Monthly Notices Roy. Astronom. Soc. London 113, 521 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W. W.: Lick Obs. Bull. XII, No. 366, 48–61 (1925);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W. W.: Lick Obs. Bull. XII, No. 389, 50–67 (1927a).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W. W.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 39, 231 (1927b);

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W. W.: Publ. Astronom. Soc. Pacific 45, 292 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wulf, O. R., and L. S. Deming: Terr. Mag. and Atm. Elect. 43, 283 (1938), and articles there cited.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Harold C. Urey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

S. Flügge

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1959 Springer-Verlag OHG. Berlin · Göttingen · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Urey, H.C. (1959). The Atmospheres of the Planets. In: Flügge, S. (eds) Astrophysics III: The Solar System / Astrophysik III: Das Sonnensystem. Handbuch der Physik Encyclopedia of Physics, vol 11 / 52. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45929-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45929-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45931-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45929-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation