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Altern pp 225–249Cite as

Das Zentralnervensystem

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Zusammenfassung

Kognitive und motorische Leistungsminderungen von Hirnregionen im Alter gehören zu den gravierendsten Einschränkungen der Lebensqualität. Die zellulären und molekularen Mechanismen, die zu den Leistungsminderungen führen, und die möglichen vorbeugenden Maßnahmen werden daher intensiv untersucht. Wesentliche Faktoren für die altersbedingten Leistungsverluste sind: zunehmende zelluläre und molekulare Schäden, altersabhängige Veränderungen der Genexpression z. B. bei Langlebigkeitsgenen wie Klotho und ihren Polymorphismen, Veränderungen von Wachstumsfaktoren und Hormonen, dadurch bedingte strukturelle Veränderungen von Neuronen wie eine verringerte Zahl von Dendriten und Synapsen sowie Zellverluste durch Apoptose.

Funktionelle Veränderungen betreffen eine Reihe von kognitiven und motorischen Funktionen wie die Geschwindigkeiten von Wahrnehmungen, von Reaktionen, Entscheidungen, von Orientierung, Wortfindung, Sprache und von motorischen Abläufen sowie die verringerte Kapazität und Abrufbarkeit von Gedächtnisinhalten. Eine Aktivierung dieser Leistungsbereiche wird daher als vorbeugende Maßnahme empfohlen. Auch eine Veränderung des Schlaf-Wach-Verhaltens gehört mit zu den »normalen« Alterungserscheinungen, während Depressionen eher durch die veränderten Lebensbedingungen (Altersheim, Pflege) zunehmen. Eine gravierende Alterskrankheit ist die Alzheimer-Krankheit (AD), die sich in allgemein zunehmender Demenz und Gedächtnisverlust bemerkbar macht und die bisher nicht heilbar ist. Dagegen lässt sich die Parkinson-Krankheit (PD) durch die Gabe von DOPA, einer Vorläufersubstanz von Dopamin, deutlich verzögern.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Zellbiologie, Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland

    Ludger Rensing

  2. Zentrum für Humangenetik, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. ZHG, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland

    Volkhard Rippe

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  1. Ludger Rensing
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  2. Volkhard Rippe
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Correspondence to Ludger Rensing .

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Rensing, L., Rippe, V. (2014). Das Zentralnervensystem. In: Altern. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37733-4_12

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