Abstract
Diseases and disorders of the skin increase in prevalence in older people. Most people over 65 have at least one skin disorder, and many have two or more conditions which can create substantial morbidity and mortality and deterioration in quality of life in older adults. Primary care providers must monitor the condition of the patient’s skin and refer to the dermatologist as needed. It is estimated that cutaneous diseases occur in more than 50 % of otherwise healthy older adults. Common conditions include dry skin (xerosis and pruritus), inflammatory scaling dermatoses (eczema, contact dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis), cutaneous expression of autoimmune disorders (bullous pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, paraneoplastic pemphigus, and lichen sclerosis), vascular disorders (pressure ulcer and rosacea), and viral infection (specifically herpes zoster or shingles). Management of skin disease in the elderly must take into account variables pertinent to the older patient and accurate diagnosis is key. Diagnosis of drug reactions is critical before the any underlying cutaneous disorder can be identified. Topical treatment must take into account the fragility of aged skin compromised by structural degeneration and comorbidities. Psychosocial issues must also be considered in treatment decisions to assess whether the patient will be able to comply with the therapy regimen.
References
Marks R. Skin disease in old age. New York: Taylor & Francis; 1999.
Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2007;26:343–57.
Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Functional and physiological characteristics of the aging skin. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20:195–200.
Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: a review. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008;30:87–95.
Gilchrest BA. Geriatric skin problems. Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1986;21:55. 59–65.
Kligman AM, Koblenzer C. Demographics and psychological implications for the aging population. Dermatol Clin. 1997;15:549–53.
Kligman AM. Psychological aspects of skin disorders in the elderly. Cutis. 1989;43:498–501.
Global Industry Analysts Inc. Global anti-aging products market to reach $291.9 billion by 2015, according to new report by Global Industry Analysts. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2009/02/prweb2021254.htm. Accessed 4 Sept 2014.
Thaipisuttikul Y. Pruritic skin diseases in the elderly. J Dermatol. 1998;25:153–7.
Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, et al. Characteristics of the aging skin. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2013;2:5–10.
Bleiker TO, Graham-Brown RA. Diagnosing skin disease in the elderly. Practitioner. 2000;244:974–81.
Laube S, Farrell AM. Bacterial skin infections in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging. 2002;19:331–42.
Norman RA. Xerosis and pruritus in elderly patients, part 1. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2006;52:12–4.
Wolff K, Johnson R, Suurmond R. Fitzpatrick’s color atlas & synopsis of clinical dermatology. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2005.
Resnick B. Dermatologic problems in the elderly. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1997;1:14–30; quiz 31–2.
Kleinsmith DM, Perricone NV. Common skin problems in the elderly. Dermatol Clin. 1986;4:485–99.
Peters S. Dermatologic issues in the elderly. Examining common problems. Adv Nurse Pract. 1999;7:63–4.
Fitzpatrick JE. Common inflammatory skin diseases of the elderly. Geriatrics. 1989;44:40–6.
Haroun MT. Dry skin in the elderly. Geriatr Aging. 2003;6:41–4.
Shwayder T. Ichthyosis in a nutshell. Pediatr Rev. 1999;20:5–12.
Harding C, Watkinson A, Rawlings A, et al. Dry skin, moisturization and corneodesmoloysis. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000;22:21–52.
Loden M, Maibach H, editors. Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006.
Leyden JJ, Rawlings AV. Skin moisturization. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002.
Jennings MB, Alfieri D, Ward K, et al. Comparison of salicylic acid and urea versus ammonium lactate for the treatment of foot xerosis. A randomized, double-blind, clinical study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998;88:332–6.
Schmidt T, Sitaru C, Amber K, et al. BP180- and BP230-specific IgG autoantibodies in pruritic disorders of the elderly: a preclinical stage of bullous pemphigoid? Br J Dermatol. 2014;171:212–9.
Fleischer ABJ. Pruritus in the elderly. Adv Dermatol. 1995;10:41–60.
Waisman M. A clinical look at the aging skin. Postgrad Med. 1979;66:87–93, 96.
Yosipovitch G. Assessment of itch: more to be learned and improvements to be made. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:xiv–xv.
Perkins P. The management of eczema in adults (continuing education credit). Nurs Stand. 1996;10:49–53; quiz 55–6.
Braun M, Lowitt MH. Pruritus. Adv Dermatol. 2001;17:1–27.
Rogers C. Lichen simplex chronicus. Dermatol Nurs. 2003;15:271.
Long CC, Marks R. Stratum corneum changes in patients with senile pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:560–4.
Lim SPR, Abdullah A. Managing skin disease in elderly patients. Practitioner. 2004;248:100–4. 106, 108–9.
Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Medically unexplained cutaneous sensory symptoms may represent somatoform dissociation: an empirical study. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60:131–6.
Shelley WB, Shelley ED. The ten major problems of aging skin. Geriatrics. 1982;37:107–13.
Fleischer ABJ. Pruritus in the elderly: management by senior dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28:603–9.
Webster GF. Common skin disorders in the elderly. Clin Cornerstone. 2001;4:39–44.
Tierney L, McPhee S, Papadakis M. Current medical diagnosis and treatment. New York: McGraw Hill; 2000.
DeWitt S. Nursing assessment of the skin and dermatologic lesions. Nurs Clin North Am. 1990;25:235–45.
Marks R. Skin disease in old age. London: Martin Dunitz; 1987.
Habif T. Clinical dermatology: a color guide to diagnosis and treatment. St. Louis: Mosby; 2004.
Tavadia S, Bianchi J, Dawe RS, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in venous leg ulcer patients. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48:261–5.
MacKie R. Clinical dermatology: an illustrated textbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1987.
Hall J. Sauer’s manual of skin diseases. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2000.
Norman R, editor. Diagnosis of aging skin diseases. London: Springer; 2008.
Weismann K, Wadskov S, Mikkelsen HI, et al. Acquired zinc deficiency dermatosis in man. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:1509–11.
Akimoto K, Yoshikawa N, Higaki Y, et al. Quantitative analysis of stratum corneum lipids in xerosis and asteatotic eczema. J Dermatol. 1993;20:1–6.
Warin AP. Eczéma craquelé as the presenting feature of myxoedema. Br J Dermatol. 1973;89:289–91.
Guillet MH, Schollhammer M, Sassolas B, et al. Eczema craquelé as a pointer of internal malignancy – a case report. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21:431–3.
van Voorst Vader PC, Folkers E, van Rhenen DJ. Craquelé-like eruption in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Arch Dermatol. 1979;115:370.
Sparsa A, Boulinguez S, Liozon E, et al. Predictive clinical features of eczema craquelé associated with internal malignancy. Dermatology. 2007;215:28–35.
Soter NA. Nummular eczematous dermatitis. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Fitzpatrick TB, editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999.
du Vivier A. Atlas of clinical dermatology. Kidlington: Churchill Livingston; 2002.
Miller J. Nummular dermatitis. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-print. Accessed 6 Sept 2014.
Aoyama H, Tanaka M, Hara M, et al. Nummular eczema: an addition of senile xerosis and unique cutaneous reactivities to environmental aeroallergens. Dermatology. 1999;199:135–9.
Adachi A, Horikawa T, Takashima T, et al. Mercury-induced nummular dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:383–5.
Le Coz C. Contact nummular (discoid) eczema from depilating cream. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46:111–2.
Flendrie M, Vissers WHPM, Creemers MCW, et al. Dermatological conditions during TNF-alpha-blocking therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7:R666–76.
Shen Y, Pielop J, Hsu S. Generalized nummular eczema secondary to peginterferon Alfa-2b and ribavirin combination therapy for hepatitis C infection. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:102–3.
White JV, Ryjewski C. Chronic venous insufficiency. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2005;17:319–27.
Quatresooz P, Henry F, Paquet P, et al. Deciphering the impaired cytokine cascades in chronic leg ulcers (review). Int J Mol Med. 2003;11:411–8.
Leu AJ, Leu HJ, Franzeck UK, et al. Microvascular changes in chronic venous insufficiency – a review. Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;3:237–45.
Coleridge Smith PD. Deleterious effects of white cells in the course of skin damage in CVI. Int Angiol. 2002;21:26–32.
Shai A, Maibach HI. Wound healing and ulcers of the skin: diagnosis and therapy – the practical approach. New York: Springer; 2005.
Trent JT, Falabella A, Eaglstein WH, et al. Venous ulcers: pathophysiology and treatment options. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2005;51:38–54; quiz 55–6.
Herouy Y, Nockowski P, Schöpf E, et al. Lipodermatosclerosis and the significance of proteolytic remodeling in the pathogenesis of venous ulceration (review). Int J Mol Med. 1999;3:511–5.
Buckley C, Rustin MH. Management of irritable skin disorders in the elderly. Br J Hosp Med. 1990;44:24–6. 28, 30–2.
Combemale P, Bousquet M, Kanitakis J, et al. Malignant transformation of leg ulcers: a retrospective study of 85 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:935–41.
Gilchrest B, Krutmann J, editors. Skin aging. New York: Springer; 2006.
Carter DM, Balin AK. Dermatological aspects of aging. Med Clin North Am. 1983;67:531–43.
Machet L, Couhé C, Perrinaud A, et al. A high prevalence of sensitization still persists in leg ulcer patients: a retrospective series of 106 patients tested between 2001 and 2002 and a meta-analysis of 1975–2003 data. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:929–35.
Smoker A. Skin care in old age. Nurs Stand. 1999;13:47–53.
Chan DCW, Fong DHF, Leung JYY, et al. Maggot debridement therapy in chronic wound care. Hong Kong Med J. 2007;13:382–6.
Jull AB, Cullum N, Dumville JC, Westby MJ, Deshpande S, Walker N. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds (a Review). The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2015;3:1–132.
Coelho S, Amarelo M, Ryan S, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated inflammatory leg ulcers: a new treatment for recalcitrant wounds. Int Wound J. 2004;1:81–4.
Taradaj J, Franek A, Brzezinska-Wcislo L, et al. The use of therapeutic ultrasound in venous leg ulcers: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Phlebology. 2008;23:178–83.
Körber A, Franckson T, Grabbe S, et al. Vacuum assisted closure device improves the take of mesh grafts in chronic leg ulcer patients. Dermatology. 2008;216:250–6.
Kranke P1, Bennett MH, Martyn-St James M, Schnabel A, Debus SE, Weibel S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD004123. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004123.pub4. Page 1–19.
van Gent WB, Hop WC, van Praag MC, et al. Conservative versus surgical treatment of venous leg ulcers: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:563–71.
Beacham BE. Common dermatoses in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 1993;47:1445–50.
Piaserico S, Larese F, Recchia GP, et al. Allergic contact sensitivity in elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2004;16:221–5.
Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeira-Martin SM, et al. The aged epidermal permeability barrier. Structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2281–90.
Goh CL, Ling R. A retrospective epidemiology study of contact eczema among the elderly attending a tertiary dermatology referral centre in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1998;39:442–6.
Green CM, Holden CR, Gawkrodger DJ. Contact allergy to topical medicaments becomes more common with advancing age: an age-stratified study. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;56:229–31.
Nedorost ST, Stevens SR. Diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2001;18:827–35.
Mangelsdorf HC, Fleischer AB, Sherertz EF. Patch testing in an aged population without dermatitis: high prevalence of patch test positivity. Am J Contact Dermat. 1996;7:155–7.
Spencer SK, Kierland RR. The aging skin: problems and their causes. Geriatrics. 1970;25:81–9.
Chew AL, Maibach HI, editors. Irritant dermatitis. Berlin: Springer; 2005.
Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis? Skin Res Technol. 2001;7:214–8.
Levin C, Zhai H, Maibach H. Corticosteroids of clinical value in lipid-soluble-chemical-induced irritation in man? Exog Dermatol. 2002;1:97–101.
Sandström Falk MH, Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, et al. The prevalence of Malassezia yeasts in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:17–23.
Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK. Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:125–30.
Schwartz JR, Cardin CW, Dawson TLJ. Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. In: Baran R, Maibach HI, editors. Textbook of cosmetic dermatology. London: Martin Dunitz; 2004.
Mastrolonardo M, Diaferio A, Logroscino G. Seborrheic dermatitis, increased sebum excretion, and Parkinson’s disease: a survey of (im)possible links. Med Hypotheses. 2003;60:907–11.
Loo WJ, Burrows NP. Management of autoimmune skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2004;21:767–77.
Bickle K, Roark TR, Hsu S. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses: a review. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:1861–70.
Bastuji-Garin S, Joly P, Lemordant P, et al. Risk factors for bullous pemphigoid in the elderly: a prospective case-control study. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:637–43.
Langan SM, Smeeth L, Hubbard R, et al. Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris – incidence and mortality in the UK: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a180.
Walsh SRA, Hogg D, Mydlarski PR. Bullous pemphigoid: from bench to bedside. Drugs. 2005;65:905–26.
Feliciani C, Caldarola G, Kneisel A, et al. IgG autoantibody reactivity against bullous pemphigoid (BP) 180 and BP230 in elderly patients with pruritic dermatoses. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:306–12.
Brodell LA, Beck LA. Differential diagnosis of chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:181–8; quiz 188–90, 215.
Stanley J. Bullous pemphigoid. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Fitzpatrick TB, editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999.
Fania L, Caldarola G, MĂ¼ller R, et al. IgE recognition of bullous pemphigoid (BP)180 and BP230 in BP patients and elderly individuals with pruritic dermatoses. Clin Immunol. 2012;143:236–45.
Mutasim DF. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses in the elderly: diagnosis and management. Drugs Aging. 2003;20:663–81.
Lee YY, Bee PC, Lee CK, et al. Bullous pemphigoid in an elderly patient with myelodysplastic syndrome and refractory anemia coupled with excess of blast. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23:S390–2.
Kjellman P, Eriksson H, Berg P. A retrospective analysis of patients with bullous pemphigoid treated with methotrexate. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:612–6.
Sollecito TP, Parisi E. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Dent Clin N Am. 2005;49:91–106. viii.
Laforest C, Huilgol SC, Casson R, et al. Autoimmune bullous diseases: ocular manifestations and management. Drugs. 2005;65:1767–79.
Li Z, Zhang J, Xu H, et al. Correlation of conventional and conformational anti-desmoglein antibodies with phenotypes and disease activities in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014. doi:10.2340/00015555-1961 [Epub ahead of print].
da Silva AV, Valones MA, Guimaraes RP, et al. Pemphigus vulgaris: a therapeutic option for disease control. Gen Dent. 2008;56:700–3.
Tehranchi-Nia Z, Qureshi TA, Ahmed AR. Pemphigus vulgaris in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:92–4.
Chams-Davatchi C, Esmaili N, Daneshpazhooh M, et al. Randomized controlled open-label trial of four treatment regimens for pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:622–8.
Zhu X, Zhang B. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dermatol. 2007;34:503–11.
Farage MA, Maibach HI, editors. The vulva: anatomy, physiology, and pathology. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2006.
Neill SM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:640–9.
Lorenz B, Kaufman RH, Kutzner SK. Lichen sclerosus. Therapy with clobetasol propionate. J Reprod Med. 1998;43:790–4.
Cooper SM, Gao X, Powell JJ, et al. Does treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus influence its prognosis? Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:702–6.
Berlowitz DR, Wilking SVB. Pressure ulcers in the nursing home. In: Reubentein L, Wieland D, editors. Improving care in the nursing home: comprehensive reviews of clinical research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 1993.
Edlich RF, Winters KL, Woodard CR, et al. Pressure ulcer prevention. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2004;14:285–304.
National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel T. Pressure ulcers prevalence, cost, and risk assessment: consensus development conference statement. Decubitus. 1989;2:24–8.
Nola GT, Vistnes LM. Differential response of skin and muscle in the experimental production of pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66:728–33.
Baranoski S. Skin tears: the enemy of frail skin. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2000;13:123–6.
Baeke JL. Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers: an epidemic. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106:945–6.
Stratton RJ, Ek A, Engfer M, et al. Enteral nutritional support in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2005;4:422–50.
Cohen AF, Tiemstra JD. Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002;15:214–7.
Diaz C, O’Callaghan CJ, Khan A, et al. Rosacea: a cutaneous marker of Helicobacter pylori infection? Results of a pilot study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83:282–6.
Boixeda de Miquel D, VĂ¡zquez Romero M, VĂ¡zquez Sequeiros E, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in rosacea patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2006;98:501–9.
Tisma VS, Basta-Juzbasic A, Jaganjac M, et al. Oxidative stress and ferritin expression in the skin of patients with rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(2):270–6. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.10.014. Epub 2008 Nov 25.
Oztas MO, Balk M, OgĂ¼s E, et al. The role of free oxygen radicals in the aetiopathogenesis of rosacea. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:188–92.
Baz K, Cimen MYB, Kokturk A, et al. Plasma reactive oxygen species activity and antioxidant potential levels in rosacea patients: correlation with seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:494–7.
Bakar O, Demirçay Z, Yuksel M, et al. The effect of azithromycin on reactive oxygen species in rosacea. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:197–200.
Yoon KJ, Kim SH, Lee EH, et al. Disseminated herpes zoster in an immunocompetent elderly patient. Korean J Pain. 2013;26:195–8.
McKendrick MW, Ogan P, Care CC. A 9 year follow up of post herpetic neuralgia and predisposing factors in elderly patients following herpes zoster. J Infect. 2009;59:416–20.
Niv D, Maltsman-Tseikhin A, Lang E. Postherpetic neuralgia: what do we know and where are we heading? Pain Physician. 2004;7:239–47.
Johnson R. Herpes zoster – predicting and minimizing the impact of post-herpetic neuralgia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47(Suppl T1):1–8.
van Lier A, van Hoek AJ, Opstelten W, et al. Assessing the potential effects and cost-effectiveness of programmatic herpes zoster vaccination of elderly in the Netherlands. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:237.
Studahl M, Petzold M, Cassel T. Disease burden of herpes zoster in Sweden – predominance in the elderly and in women – a register based study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:586.
Irwin MR, Levin MJ, Laudenslager ML, et al. Varicella zoster virus-specific immune responses to a herpes zoster vaccine in elderly recipients with major depression and the impact of antidepressant medications. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1085–93.
Morrison VA, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, et al. Safety of zoster vaccine in elderly adults following documented herpes zoster. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:559–63.
Schmader KE, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, et al. Persistence of the efficacy of zoster vaccine in the shingles prevention study and the short-term persistence substudy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1320–8.
Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2271–84.
Koplan JP, Harpaz R. Shingles vaccine: effective and costly or cost-effective? Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:386–7.
Bachot N, Roujeau J. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:561–72.
Liao YH, Chen KH, Tseng MP, et al. Pattern of skin diseases in a geriatric patient group in Taiwan: a 7-year survey from the outpatient clinic of a university medical center. Dermatology. 2001;203:308–13.
Fletcher K. Skin: geriatric self-learning module. Medsurg Nurs. 2005;14:138–42.
Boss GR, Seegmiller JE. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med. 1981;135:434–40.
Kooken A, Tomecki K. Drug eruptions. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/drug-eruptions/. Accessed 2 Sept 2014.
Kauppinen K, Alanko K, Hannuksela M, et al. Skin reactions to drugs. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1998.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Farage, M.A., Miller, K.W., Berardesca, E., Maibach, H.I. (2015). Non-neoplastic Disorders of the Aging Skin. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Maibach, H. (eds) Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_54-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_54-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27814-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine