Because of their excellent properties, piezoelectric actuators have became manifest in different applications like diesel injection, textile machines, and for nano-positioning. They are used in different designs: by means of linear actuators and bending actuators, forces up to several kilo Newtons and displacements up to several millimeters can be realised, respectively.
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Steinkopff, T. (2008). Finite-Element Modelling of Piezoelectric Actuators: Linear and Nonlinear Analyses. In: Piezoelectricity. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 114. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68683-5_24
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68683-5_24
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