Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antifungal Resistances

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Exposure to Microbiological Agents in Indoor and Occupational Environments

  • 716 Accesses

Abstract

The increasing number of invasive procedures and clinical therapies has led to an increase number of patients at-risk of suffering invasive fungal infections. The prophylaxis with antifungals is now broader used in specific groups of patients. Therefore, it is not surprising the emergence of antifungal resistance. In the following chapter this issue will be discussed, raising awareness to possible sources as well as modes of transmission of resistant isolates in specific environmental settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Castelli MV, Cuesta I et al (2009) Activity of posaconazole and other antifungal agents against Mucorales strains identified by sequencing of internal transcribed spacers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1686–1689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Monzón A et al (2007) Prevalence and susceptibility testing of new species of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium in a collection of clinical mold isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:748–751

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Monzon A et al (2008) Antifungal susceptibility profile of clinical Fusarium spp. isolates identified by molecular methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:805–809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Melhem MSC, Bonfietti LX et al (2015) Susceptibility test for fungi: clinical and laboratorial correlations in medical mycology. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 57:57–64. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652015000700011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arendrup MC, Perkhofer S, Howard SJ et al (2008) Establishing in vitro–in vivo correlations for Aspergillus fumigatus: the challenge of azoles vs echinocandins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3504–3511. doi:10.1128/AAC.00190-08

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balajee S, Houbraken J, Verweij P et al (2007) Aspergillus species identification in the clinical setting. Stud Mycol 59:39–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balajee SA, Gribskov JL, Hanley E et al (2005) Aspergillus lentulus sp. nov., a new sibling species of A. fumigatus. Eukaryot Cell 4:625–632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro HA, Coleman JJ, Restrepo A et al (2011) Fusarium infection in lung transplant patients report of 6 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 90:69–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers JE, Greim H, Kendall RJ et al (2014) Human and ecological risk assessment of a crop protection chemical: a case study with the azole fungicide epoxiconazole. Crit Rev Toxicol 44:176–210. doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.855163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee S, Alampalli SV, Nageshan RK et al (2015) Draft genome of a commonly misdiagnosed multidrug resistant pathogen Candida auris. BMC Genomics 16:686. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1863-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhary A, Kathuria S, Xu J et al (2013) Emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains due to agricultural azole use creates an increasing threat to human health. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003633. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003633

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chryssanthou E (1997) In vitro susceptibility of respiratory isolates of Aspergillus species to itraconazole and amphotericin B acquired resistance to itraconazole. Scand J Infect Dis 29:509–512. doi:10.3109/00365549709011864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuenca-Estrella M, Gomez-Lopez A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A et al (2010) Comparison of the Vitek2 antifungal susceptibility system with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) broth microdilution reference methods and with the Sensititre YeastOne and Etest Techniques for in vitro detection of antifungal resistance in yeast isolates. Clin Microbiol 48:1782–1786. doi:10.1128/JCM.02316-09

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuenca-Estrella M, Ruiz-Diez B, Martinéz-Suaréz JV et al (1999) Comparative in-vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496) and six other antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. J Antimicrob Chemother 43:149–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui E, Borel E, Monier MF et al (2001) Acquired itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Antimicrob Chemother 47:333–340. doi:10.1093/jac/47.3.333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D (2003) Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infec Dis 3:685–700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2013) Risk assessment on the impact of environmental usage of triazoles on the development and spread of resistance to medical triazoles in Aspergillus species. ECDC, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford CB, Funt JM, Abbey D et al (2015) The evolution of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Elife 4:e00662. doi:10.7554/eLife.00662

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Francino PM (2012) The ecology of bacterial genes and the survival of the new. Int J Evol Biol. doi:10.1155/2012/394026

  • Frisvad JC, Larsen TO (2016) Extrolites of Aspergillus fumigatus and other pathogenic species in Aspergillus section Fumigati. Front Microbiol 6:1485. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01485

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Girmenia C, Martino P (1998) Fluconazole and the changing epidemiology of candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 27:232–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hof H (2008) Will resistance in fungi emerge on a scale similar to that seen in bacteria? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27:327–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson EM (2008) Issues in antifungal susceptibility testing. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:i13–i18. doi:10.1093/jac/dkm427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanafani ZA, Perfect JR (2008) Resistance to antifungal agents: mechanisms and clinical impact. Clin Infect Dis 46:120–128. doi:10.1086/524071

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Clark TA et al (2004) Candida parapsilosis characterization in an outbreak setting. Emerg Infect Dis 10:1074–1081

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lagrou K, De Vleeschouwer J, Meerseman W, et al. (2008) Triazole resistance among clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. Proceedings of the 3th Advances Against Aspergillosis, Miami Beach, FL, Jan 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeffler J, Stevens DA (2003) Antifungal drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 36:S31–S41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Low C-Y, Rotstein C (2011) Emerging fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. F1000 Med Rep 3:14. doi:10.3410/M3-14

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA et al (2000) Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 96:2055–2061

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellado E, Garcia-Effron G, Alcázar-Fuoli l et al (2007) A new Aspergillus fumigatus resistance mechanism conferring in vitro cross-resistance to azole antifungals involves a combination of cyp5A alterations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:1897–1904. doi:10.1128/AAC.01092-06

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen KL, Jensen RH, Johansen HK et al (2011) Aspergillus species and other molds in respiratory samples from patients with cystic fibrosis: a laboratory-based study with focus on Aspergillus fumigatus azole resistance. J Clin Microbiol 49:2243–2251

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen KL, Mellado E, Lass-Florl C et al (2010) Environmental study of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and other aspergilli in Austria, Denmark, and Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4545–4549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nett JE (2014) Future directions for anti-biofilm therapeutics targeting Candida. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 12:375–382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nucci M, Marr KA (2005) Emerging fungal diseases. Clin Infect Dis 41:521–526. doi:10.1086/432060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orozco AS, Higginbotham LM, Hitchcock CA (1998) Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida krusei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:2645–2649

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perkhofer S, Mrazek C, Hartl L et al (2010) In vitro susceptibility testing in fungi: what is its role in clinical practice? Curr Infect Dis Rep 12:401. doi:10.1007/s11908-010-0134-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV et al (1999) International surveillance of blood stream infections due to Candida species in the European SENTRY Program: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility including the investigational triazole and echinocandin agents. SENTRY Participant Group (Europe). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 35:19–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rex J, Pfaller M (2002) Has antifungal susceptibility testing come of age? Clin Infect Dis 35:982–989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Berenguer J, Guarro J et al (2009) Epidemiology and outcome of Scedosporium prolificans infection, a review of 162 cases. Med Mycol 47:359–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabino R, Carolino E, Verissimo C et al (2016) Antifungal susceptibility of 175 Aspergillus isolates from various clinical and environmental sources. Med Mycol 54:740–756. doi:10.1093/mmy/myw024. Epub 2016 May 3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanglard D, Odds FC (2002) Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences. Lancet Infect Dis 2:73–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • San-Miguel LG, Pla J, Cobo J et al (2004) Morphotypic and genotypic characterization of sequential Candida parapsilosis isolates from an outbreak in a pediatric intensive care unit. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 49:189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sautour M, Dalle F, Olivieri C et al (2009) A prospective survey of air and surface fungal contamination in a medical mycology laboratory at a tertiary care university hospital. Am J Infect Control 37:189–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R et al (1995) Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after bone marrow transplantation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 171:1545–1552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snelders E, Camps SM, Karawajczyk A et al (2012) Triazole fungicides can induce cross-resistance to medical triazoles in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 7:e31801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Snelders E, van der Lee H, Kuijpers J et al (2008) Emergence of azole resistance in A. fumigatus and spread of a single resistance mechanism. PLoS Med 5:e219

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel JD (2005) Genital candidiasis. Medicine 33:62–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solo-Gabriele HM, Harwood VJ, Kay D et al (2016) Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 96:101–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taff HT, Mitchell KF, Edward JA, et al (2013) Mechanisms of Candida biofilm drug resistance. Future Microbiol 8:1325–1337. doi:10.2217/fmb.13.101

  • Tortorano AM, Kibbler C, Peman J et al (2006) Candidemia in Europe: epidemiology and resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 27:359–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trick WE, Fridkin SK, Edwards JR et al (2002) Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999. Clin Infect Dis 35:627–630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trofa D, Gácser A, Nosanchuk J (2008) Candida parapsilosis, an emerging fungal pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:606–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Verweij PE, Howard SJ, Melchers WJ et al (2009b) Azole-resistance in Aspergillus: proposed nomenclature and breakpoints. Drug Resist Updat 12:141–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verweij PE, Snelders E, Kema GJH et al (2009a) Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: a side-effect of environmental fungicide use? Lancet Infect Dis 9:789–795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wellington EMH, Boxall ABA, Cross P et al (2013) The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 13:155–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA (1998) Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:382–402

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Reference Unit for Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health, Lisboa, Portugal

    Raquel Sabino

Authors
  1. Raquel Sabino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raquel Sabino .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lisbon School of Health Technology Environment and Health RG, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Carla Viegas

  2. Lisbon School of Health Technology Environment and Health RG, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Susana Viegas

  3. Lisbon School of Health Technology Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Anita Gomes

  4. Department Health Protection, National Institute for Health & Welfare, Kuopio, Finland

    Martin Täubel

  5. National Health Institute Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal

    Raquel Sabino

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sabino, R. (2017). Antifungal Resistances. In: Viegas, C., Viegas, S., Gomes, A., Täubel, M., Sabino, R. (eds) Exposure to Microbiological Agents in Indoor and Occupational Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61688-9_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation