Abstract
The current power systems have works near to the marginal voltage stability due to the market performance as well as their weightier operation loadings along with consideration of environmental constraints of transmission as well as generation capacity enlargement. In other words, at the present time wind power has confirmed to be one of the most efficient and competitive renewable resources and therefore, its use is indeed continually growing. Little wind power infiltration planes are generally contained in the current grid networks in view of that it is passively controlled and operated. On the other hand, this statement is no more suitable for immediately after the wind power energy infiltration commences growing, a broad scope of scientific issues can come out, namely: voltage rise, bi-directional power flow, improved power quality issues as well as distorted voltage stability. The additional improvement of electricity construction from renewable resources in a trustworthy as well as consistent system performance is driving transmission as well as distribution control utilizers to employ novel working models that are not presently extant. A serious subject of the demanding status described in the foregoing is the reactive power managing that involves the planning as well as operation deeds that are asked for to be executed to get better voltage profile as well as stability in the power networks. For this reason, voltage stability is a major issue of current power systems. It signifies the capableness of a power system to keep voltage when the required load is boosted. Researches about this kind of instability fact proceed with its control as well as evaluation. The first one designates if a power system runs in the safe operational area, while the second one will carry out essential control actions if a power system gets close to unsafe operational zone. Diverse approaches put forth in the chapter deal with offline and online purposes. The center of attention of this chapter is the second part; it means control of voltage stability. Three major methods have been utilized for voltage stability which are reactive power management, load shedding and active power re-dispatch. Reactive power management signifies the ways designating the place of novel VAR sources and/or settings of the VAR sources that are installed currently and the settings of facilities including on-load tap changers (OLTCs) . Reactive power sources ordinarily consist of synchronous generators/condensers, reactor/capacitor banks, as well as flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers. It can be classified into two subjects as reactive source programming as well as reactive power dispatch. For reactive programming, the concerned temporal duration is the coming few months or years, and besides considering the optimum milieu of facilities that are installed currently, installation of novel reactive power sources is contemplated. It is performed in offline and online ways. The main purposes of offline reactive dispatch can be found in the duration of the coming few days or weeks, while, another model is carried out in the coming few minutes or hours. Opposing the reactive planning, both online and offline reactive power dispatches only designate the optimum settings of extant facilities. Optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) which is a specific instance of the optimal power flow (OPF) issue is an utterly significant instrument with regard to assured and gainful utilization of power systems. The OPF’s control parameters have a proximate connection with the reactive power flow, including shunt capacitors/reactors, voltage magnitudes of generator buses, output of static reactive power compensators, transformer tap-settings. In the ORPF problem, the transmission power falloff is brought to a minimum and the voltage profile is modified and the operating and physical constraints are satisfied. Note that shunt capacitors/reactors and tap-settings of transformers are discrete variables while and except other variables are continuous. Hence, the reactive power dispatch issue is nonlinear, non-convex has equality and inequality limitations and has discrete and continuous variables.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
A. Ghasemi, K. Valipour, A. Tohidi, Multiobjective Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Using a New Multiobjective Strategy, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 57, pp. 318–334, 2014.
K. Ayana, U. Kilic, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm Solution for Optimal Reactive Power Flow, Applied Soft Computing, vol. 12, pp. 1477–1482, 2012.
T.A. Short, Electric Power Distribution Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 2004.
T. Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986.
M. Paramasivam, A. Salloum, V. Ajjarapu, V. Vittal, N.B. Bhatt, S. Liu, Dynamic Optimization Based Reactive Power Planning to Mitigate Slow Voltage Recovery and Short Term Voltage Instability, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 3865–3873, Nov. 2013.
C.W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability, New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
B. Zhou, K.W. Chan, T. Yu, C.Y. Chung, Equilibrium-Inspired Multiple Group Search Optimization with Synergistic Learning for Multiobjective Electric Power Dispatch, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 3534–3545, Nov. 2013.
M. Zare, T. Niknam, A New Multiobjective for Environmental and Economic Management of Volt/Var Control Considering Renewable Energy Resources, Energy, vol. 55, pp. 236–252, 2013.
D.S.B. Alencar, D.A.A. Marcio Formiga, Multiobjective Optimization and Fuzzy Logic Applied to Planning of the Volt/Var Problem in Distributions Systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1274–1281, 2010.
T. Niknam, M. Zare, J. Aghaei, Scenario Based Multiobjective Volt/Var Control in Distribution Networks Including Renewable Energy Sources, IEEE Trans Power Deliv., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2004–2019, 2012.
A. Ghasemi, H. Shayeghi, H. Alkhatib, Robust Design of Multimachine Power System Stabilizers Using Fuzzy Gravitational Search Algorithm, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 51, pp. 190–200, 2013.
G. Rogers, Power System Oscillations, 1st Ed, Springer, 1999.
H. Shayeghi, A. Ghasemi, A Multiobjective Vector Evaluated Improved Honey Bee Mating Optimization for Optimal and Robust Design of Power System Stabilizers, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 62, pp. 630–645, 2014.
M. Noshyar, H. Shayeghi, A. Talebi, A. Ghasemi, N.M. Tabatabaei, Robust Fuzzy-PID Controller to Enhance Low Frequency Oscillation Using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization, International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering (IJTPE), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–23, 2013.
A. Ghasemi, M.J. Golkar, A. Golkar, M. Eslami, Reactive Power Planning Using a New Hybrid Technique, Soft Comput., vol. 20, pp. 589–605, 2016.
K.Y. Lee, Y.M. Park, J.L. Ortiz, A United Approach to Optimal Real and Reactive Power Dispatch, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst. PAS, vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 1147–1153, 1985.
S. Granville, Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch through Interior Point Methods, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 98–105, 1994.
N.I. Deeb, S.M. Shahidehpour, An Efficient Technique for Reactive Power Dispatch Using a Revised Linear Programming Approach, Int. J. Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 15, pp. 121–134, 1988.
N. Grudinin, Reactive Power Optimization Using Successive Quadratic Programming Method, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1219–1225, 1998.
Z. Wen, L. Yutian, Multiobjective Reactive Power and Voltage Control Based on Fuzzy Optimization Strategy and Fuzzy Adaptive Particle Swarm, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 30, pp. 525–532, 2008.
Q.H. Wu, Y.J. Cao, J.Y. Wen, Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Using an Adaptive Genetic Algorithm, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 563–569, 1998.
D. Nualhong, S. Chusanapiputt, S. Phomvuttisarn, S. Jantarang, Reactive Tabu Search for Optimal Power Flow under Constrained Emission Dispatch, Proc. Tencon., pp. 327–330, 2004.
H. Yoshida, K. Kawata, Y. Fukuyama, S. Takayama, Y. Nakanishi, A Particle Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power and Voltage Control Considering Voltage Security Assessment, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1232–1239, 2000.
L.D. Arya, L.S. Titare, D.P. Kothari, Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Reactive Power Reserve Maximization, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 32, pp. 368–374, 2010.
Z. Hua, X. Wang, G. Taylor, Stochastic Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch: Formulation and Solution Method, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 32, pp. 615–621, 2010.
D.B. Das, C. Patvardhan, Reactive Power Dispatch with a Hybrid Stochastic Search Technique, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 24, pp. 731–736, 2002.
D. Karaboga, S. Okdem, A Simple and Global Optimization Algorithm for Engineering Problems: Differential Evolution Algorithm, Turk. J. Electr. Eng., vol. 12, no. 1, 2004.
K. Ayana, U. Kilic, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm Solution for Optimal Reactive Power Flow, Appli Soft Compu., vol. 12, pp. 1477–1482, 2012.
P. Vovos, A. Kiprakis, A. Wallace, G. Harrison, Centralized and Distributed Voltage Control: Impact on Distributed Generation Penetration, IEEE Trans Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 476–83, 2007.
J.K. Kaldellis, K.A Kavadias, A.E. Filios, A New Computational Algorithm for the Calculation of Maximum Wind Energy Penetration in Autonomous Electrical Generation Systems, Appl. Energy, vol. 86, pp. 1011–23, 2009.
R. Almeida, E. Castronuovo, J. Lopes, Optimum Generation Control in Wind Parks When Carrying out System Operator Requests, IEEE Trans Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 718–25, 2006.
A. Monica, A. Hortensia, A.O. Carlos, A Multiobjective Approach for Reactive Power Planning in Networks with Wind Power Generation, Renewable Energy, vol. 37, pp. 180–191, 2012.
H. Amaris, M. Alonso, Coordinated Reactive Power Management in Power Networks with Wind Turbines and Facts Devices, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 2575–2586, 2011.
S. Ramesha, S. Kannan, S. Baskar, Application of Modified NSGA-II Algorithm to Multiobjective Reactive Power Planning, Applied Soft Computing, vol. 12, pp. 741–753, 2012.
J. Wiik, J O. Gjerde, T. Gjengedal, Steady State Power System Issues When Planning Large Wind Farms,” IEEE Power Engin Soci Win Meeting, 2002, pp. 657–661.
Z. Xiang Jun, T. Jin, Z. Ping, P. Hui, W. Yuan Yuan, Reactive Power Optimization of Wind Farm based on Improved Genetic Algorithm, Energy Procedia, vol. 14, pp. 1362–1367, 2012.
A. Rabiee, M. Vanouni, M. Parniani, Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch for Improving Voltage Stability Margin Using a Local Voltage Stability Index, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 59, pp. 66–73, 2012.
A. Ghasemi, H. Afaghzadeh, O. Abedinia, S.N. Mohammad, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm Technique for Economic Load Dispatch Problem, Proceedings of EnCon2011 4th Engineering Conference Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, pp. 1–6, 2011.
Y. Wang, F. Li, Q. Wan, H. Chen, Reactive Power Planning Based on Fuzzy Clustering, Gray Code, and Simulated Annealing, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2246–2255, 2011.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghasemi Marzbali, A., Gheydi, M., Samadyar, H., Fashami, R.H., Eslami, M., Golkar, M.J. (2017). Optimal Reactive Power Control to Improve Stability of Voltage in Power Systems. In: Mahdavi Tabatabaei, N., Jafari Aghbolaghi, A., Bizon, N., Blaabjerg, F. (eds) Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems. Power Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51118-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51118-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51117-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51118-4
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)