Abstract
Increasingly, there are growing conversations within community education about the need to professionalise. This is not unique to community education but is part of a wider national and international trend in monitoring standards of practice through State-endorsed regulatory practices. But what happens when we problematise professsionalism by examining it as a contested concept? Following my own contextualising narrative, this chapter takes on to do this with particular emphasis on the relationship between professionalism and grass-roots activism. It argues an over-reliance on State-endorsed qualifications and a measurement of appropriate practice and a corresponding under-reliance on lived experience. Relationships with the academy and employment precarity are equally explored with a particular focus on the experiences of pracitioners participating in the research that underpins this publication.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
The women attending the programme in the late 1990s prepared a submission for the Department of Education as part of the consultation process leading up to publication of the White Paper Learning for Life.
- 2.
This was through the Teaching Council [registration] regulations, 2009. A directive introduced on foot of section 38 of the legislative Teaching Council Act 2001. Section 38 ‘review of standards required for entry into teaching profession, (a) review and accredit the programmes of teacher education and training provided by institutions of higher education and training in the State, (b) review the standards of education and training appropriate to a person entering a programme of teacher education and training and (c) review the standards of knowledge, skill and competence required for the practice of teaching, and shall advise the minister and, as it considers appropriate, the institutions concerned’.
- 3.
Recognised programmes are offered at NUI Galway, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick (two programmes), National College of Ireland, Dublin, Waterford Institute of Technology (two programmes) NUI Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Marino Institute of Education, Dublin, Dublin City University and the National College of Art and Design, Dublin.
- 4.
Data are being collected about qualifications, length of service, training, confidence in skills areas and staff opinions on future education and training supports There is extensive information about the Skills profile for the FET workforce on the ETBI website at this address http://www.etbi.ie/etbi-services/education-resources/further-education/fet-skills-profile/ Accessed 28 May 2016.
- 5.
This was built from ideas originally conceived of within work of the Community Action Network and Partners TfT.
- 6.
I spoke to this person in person and also by e-mail, full and informed consent was given before inclusion of this comment.
- 7.
This question is asked on a personal reflection sheet which is circulated within the first two focus groups.
Bibliography
AONTAS. (2010). Response to the report of the further education (Teacher Education Qualification Group) of the teaching council. http://www.aontas.com/download/pdf/teachcounsub10.pdf. Accessed 18 December 2016.
Ball, S. J. (2012). “Performativity, commodification and commitment: An i-spy guide to the neoliberal university”. British Journal of Educational Studies, 60(1), 17–28.
Cervero, R. (1988). Effective continuing education for professionals. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Collins, M. (1993). “Critical commentaries on the role of the adult educator: From self-directed learning to postmodernist sensibilities”. In M. R. Welton (Eds.), Defense of the life-world. New York: State University of New York Press.
Community Work Ireland. (2016). All Ireland standards for community work. Galway: Community Work Ireland.
Community Workers Cooperative. (2008). Towards standards for quality community work. An all-Ireland statement of values, principles, work standards. Galway: Community Workers Cooperative.
Crickley, A., & Mc Ardle, O. (2009). “Community work, community development: Reflections 2009”. Working for change: The Irish journal of community work, (1), 14–27.
Crowley, N. (2013). “Lost in Austerity. Rethinking the community sector”. Community Development Journal, 48(1), 151–157.
Cullinan, J., Flannery, D., Walsh, S., & McCoy, S. (2013). “Geographic Inequalities in higher education: Accessibility and participation in Ireland”. How equal? Access to higher education in Ireland: Research papers. Foreward by Trant, M. L. Dublin: Higher Education Authority.
D’alton, E., Fenton, M., Maher, H., & O’Grady, M. (2010). “Grounding higher education in the community: The case of Waterford woman’s centre & Waterford institute of technology”. Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review, 10, 78–88.
De Vaus, D. (2002). Surveys in social research (5th Edn.). London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Department of Education and Science (DES). (2000). Learning for life, white paper on adult education. Dublin: Government Publications.
Evans, L. (2008). “Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals”. British Journal of Educational Studies, 56(1), 20–38.
Fitzsimons, C., & Dorman, P. (2013). “Swimming in the swamp – inquiry into accreditation, community development and social change”. The Adult Learner: The Irish Journal of Adult and Community Education, 44–58.
Flexnor, A. (2001). “Is social work a profession? ”. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(2), 152–165.
Fraser, N. (2009). “Feminism, capitalism, and the cunning of history”. New Left Review, 56, 97–121.
Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Middlesex: Penguin Education.
Goodson, I. (2003). Professional knowledge, professional lives. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
Government of Ireland. (1998). Green paper: Adult education in an era of lifelong learning. Dublin: Government Publications.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. Eds. Q. Hoare & G. Nowell London: Smith, Lawrence and Wishart.
Grummell, B. (2014). “FET: Responding to community needs or shaping communities to suit a global marketplace in crisis?”. In M. Murray, B. Grummell, & A. Ryan (Eds.), Further education and Training, history politics and practice. Kildare: MACE Press Publications.
Harvey, L. (2004). “The power of accreditation: Views of academics. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 26(2), 207–223.
Heilmann, A. (2011). “Gender and essentialism: Feminist debates in the twenty-first century”. Critical Quarterly, 53(4), 78–89.
Henderson, P., & Glen, A. (2006). “From recognition to support, community workers in the United Kingdom”. Community Development Journal, 41(3), 277–292.
hooks, B. (1994). Teaching to transgress, education as the practice of freedom. London/New York: Routledge.
Houle, C. (1980). Continuing learning in the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Ikeotuonye, F. C. R. A. (2002). “Lateral shades of social engineering: A critical exploration of ‘interest representation’, ‘state’ and development”. Community Development Journal, 37(1), 69–79.
Johnston, R. (2000). “Community education and lifelong learning, local spice for global fare?”. In J. Field & M. Leister (Eds.), Lifelong learning education across the lifespan. Leicester: Taylor and Francis.
Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). “Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition”. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 1–22.
Klinger, C. (1998). “Essentialism, universalism, and feminist politics”. Constellations, 5(3), 333–344.
Larson, M. S. (1977). The rise of professionalism: A sociological analysis. Berkley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.
Larson, M. S. (2014). “Looking back and a little forward: Reflections on professionalism and teaching as a profession”. Radical Teacher, A Socialist, Feminist and Anti-Racist Journal of the Theory and Practice of Teaching, 99, 7–17.
Lawlor, S. (2005). “Disgusted subjects: The making of middle-class identities”. The Sociological Review, 53(3), 429–446.
Lorenz, C. (2012). “If you’re so smart, why are you under surveillance? Universities, neoliberalism, and new public management”. Critical Inquiry, 38(3), 599–629.
Lynch, K., Grummell, B., & Devine, D. (2012). New managerialism in education, commercialization, carelessness and gender. Dublin: Palgrave MacMillan.
MacDonald, K. (1995). The sociology of the professions. London: Sage.
McCoy, S., Smyth, E., Watson, D., & Darmody, M. (2014). Leaving school in Ireland, a longitudinal study of post-school transitions. Dublin: ESRI.
McVeigh, R. (2002). “Between reconciliation and pacification: The British state and community relations in the north of Ireland”. Community Development Journal, 37(1), 47–59.
Meade, R. (2012). “Government and community development in Ireland: The contested subjects of professionalism and expertise”. Antipode, 44(3), 889–910.
Meade, R., & O’Donovan, O. (2002). “Editorial introduction: Corporatism and the on-going debate about the relationship between the state and community development”. Community Development Journal, 37(1), 1–9.
Murphy, M., & Fleming, T. (2000). “Between common and college knowledge: Exploring the boundaries between adult and higher education”. Studies in Continuing Education, 22(1), 77–94.
National Adult Literacy Agency. (2010). NALA A living history 1980–2010. Dublin: NALA.
Noble, S. (2015). “Promoting homebirth, intermediate homebirth report”. British Journal of Midwifery, 23(4), 276–280.
Ó Cinnéide, S., & Walsh, J. (1990). “Multiplication and divisions: Trends in community development in Ireland since the 1960’s”. Community Development Journal, 25(4), 326–336.
O’Connell, P., McCoy, S., & Clancy, D. (2006). “Who went to college? Socio-economic inequality in entry to higher education in the republic of Ireland in 2004”. Higher Education Quarterly, 60(4), 312–332.
O’Neill, J. (2014). “In search of a clearing, the potential of narrative spaces for adult educator growth”. In M. Murray, B. Grummell, & A. Ryan (Eds.), Further education and training history, politics, practice. Maynooth: MACE Press.
O’Sullivan, S. (2012). “All changed, changed Utterly? Gender role attitudes and the feminisation of the Irish labour force”. Women’s Studies International Forum, 35(4), 223–232.
Powell, F., & Geoghegan, M. (2004). The politics of community development, reclaiming civil society or reinventing governance?. Dublin: A and A Falmer.
Ridell, S., & Tett, L. (2010). “Gender balance in teaching debate: Tensions between gender theory and equality policy”. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14(5), 463–477.
Shaw, M. (2009). “Repoliticising democracy, community and the state”. Concept, 1(1), 1–9.
SOLAS. (2014a). Further education and training strategy, the department of education and skills. Dublin: Government Publications.
Spillane, A. (2015). “The impact of the Crisis on Irish women”. In C. Coulter & A. Nagle (Eds.), Ireland under Austerity, neoliberal crisis, neoliberal solutions. Manchester/New York: Manchester University Press.
Thompson, D. (2001). Radical feminism today. London: Sage Publications.
Whelan, M. (1989). “Training and professionalisation in community work”. In Community work in Ireland: Trends in the 80s; Options for the 90s. Dublin: Combat Poverty Agency.
Wilson, A. (1995). “The common concern: Controlling the professionalization of adult education”. In S. B. Merriam (Ed.), Selected writings on philosophy and adult education. Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.
Hawley, J. (1969). “The professional status of community development in the United States”. Community Development Journal, 4(3), 124–132.
Powell, F. & Geoghegan, M. (2009). “Community development and the contested politics of the late modern agora: of, alongside or against neoliberalism?” Community Development Journal, 44(4), 430–447.
Licqurish, S., & Evans, A. (2016). “Right or risk? A discourse analysis of midwifery and obstetric colleges’ homebirth position statements”. Nursing Enquiry, 23(1) 86–94.
Smith, M. K. (2006). “Community work”. The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education. www.infed.org/community/b-comwrk.htm. Accessed May 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fitzsimons, C. (2017). Insiders, Outsiders and the Professionalisation of Community Education. In: Community Education and Neoliberalism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45937-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45937-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45936-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45937-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)