Abstract
Since the discovery of a planet transiting its host star in the year 2000, thousands of additional exoplanets and exoplanet candidates have been detected, mostly by NASA’s Kepler space telescope. Some of them are almost as small as the Earth’s moon. As the solar system is teeming with moons, more than a hundred of which are in orbit around the eight local planets, and with all of the local giant planets showing complex ring systems, astronomers have naturally started to search for moons and rings around exoplanets in the past few years. We here discuss the principles of the observational methods that have been proposed to find moons and rings beyond the solar system, and we review the first searches. Though no exomoon or exoring has been unequivocally validated so far, theoretical and technological requirements are now on the verge of being mature for such discoveries.
References
Agnor CB, Hamilton DP (2006) Neptune’s capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter. Nature 441:192–194. doi:10.1038/nature04792
Agol E, Jansen T, Lacy B, Robinson T, Meadows V (2015) The center of light: spectroastrometric detection of exomoons. ApJ 812:5. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/5, 1509.01615
Auvergne M, Bodin P, Boisnard L et al (2009) The CoRoT satellite in flight: description and performance. A&A 506:411–424. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810860, 0901.2206
Awiphan S, Kerins E (2013) The detectability of habitable exomoons with Kepler. MNRAS 432:2549–2561. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt614, 1304.2925
Barnes JW, Fortney JJ (2004) Transit detectability of ring systems around extrasolar giant planets. ApJ 616:1193–1203. doi:10.1086/425067, astro-ph/0409506
Ben-Jaffel L, Ballester GE (2014) Transit of Exomoon plasma tori: new diagnosis. ApJ 785:L30. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/785/2/L30, 1404.1084
Bennett DP, Batista V, Bond IA et al (2014) MOA-2011-BLG-262Lb: a sub-earth-mass moon orbiting a gas giant primary or a high velocity planetary system in the galactic bulge. ApJ 785:155. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/155, 1312.3951
Borucki WJ, Koch D, Basri G et al (2010) Kepler planet-detection mission: introduction and first results. Science 327:977. doi:10.1126/science.1185402
Braga-Ribas F, Sicardy B, Ortiz JL et al (2014) A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo. Nature 508:72–75. doi:10.1038/nature13155, 1409.7259
Brown TM, Charbonneau D, Gilliland RL, Noyes RW, Burrows A (2001) Hubble space telescope time-series photometry of the transiting planet of HD 209458. ApJ 552:699–709. doi:10.1086/320580, astro-ph/0101336
Cabrera J, Schneider J (2007) Detecting companions to extrasolar planets using mutual events. A&A 464:1133–1138. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066111, astro-ph/0703609
Cameron AGW, Ward WR (1976) The origin of the Moon. In: Lunar and planetary science conference, Houston, vol 7
Canup RM (2005) A giant impact origin of Pluto-Charon. Science 307:546–550. doi:10.1126/science.1106818
Canup RM, Ward WR (2002) Formation of the Galilean satellites: conditions of accretion. AJ 124:3404–3423. doi:10.1086/344684
Charbonneau D, Winn JN, Latham DW et al (2006) Transit photometry of the core-dominated planet HD 149026b. ApJ 636:445–452. doi:10.1086/497959, astro-ph/0508051
Crida A, Charnoz S (2012) Formation of regular satellites from ancient massive rings in the solar system. Science 338:1196. doi:10.1126/science.1226477, 1301.3808
de Wit J, Wakeford HR, Gillon M et al (2016) A combined transmission spectrum of the Earth-sized exoplanets TRAPPIST-1 b and c. Nature 537:69–72. doi:10.1038/nature18641, 1606.01103
Deienno R, Yokoyama T, Nogueira EC, Callegari N, Santos MT (2011) Effects of the planetary migration on some primordial satellites of the outer planets. I. Uranus’ case. A&A 536:A57. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014862
Deienno R, Nesvorný D, Vokrouhlický D, Yokoyama T (2014) Orbital perturbations of the Galilean satellites during planetary encounters. AJ 148:25. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/148/2/25, 1405.1880
Domingos RC, Winter OC, Yokoyama T (2006) Stable satellites around extrasolar giant planets. MNRAS 373:1227–1234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11104.x
Han C, Han W (2002) On the feasibility of detecting satellites of extrasolar planets via microlensing. ApJ 580:490–493. doi:10.1086/343082, astro-ph/0207372
Heising MZ, Marcy GW, Schlichting HE (2015) A search for ringed exoplanets using Kepler photometry. ApJ 814:81. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/814/1/81, 1511.01083
Heller R (2014) Detecting extrasolar Moons akin to solar system satellites with an orbital sampling effect. ApJ 787:14. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/14, 1403.5839
Heller R (2016) Transits of extrasolar moons around luminous giant planets. A&A 588:A34. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527496, 1603.00174
Heller R, Albrecht S (2014) How to determine an exomoon’s sense of orbital motion. ApJ 796:L1. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/796/1/L1, 1409.7245
Heller R, Marleau GD, Pudritz RE (2015) The formation of the Galilean moons and Titan in the Grand Tack scenario. A&A 579:L4. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526348, 1506.01024
Heller R, Hippke M, Jackson B (2016a) Modeling the orbital sampling effect of extrasolar moons. ApJ 820:88. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/820/2/88, 1603.07112
Heller R, Hippke M, Placek B, Angerhausen D, Agol E (2016b) Predictable patterns in planetary transit timing variations and transit duration variations due to exomoons. A&A 591:A67. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628573, 1604.05094
Hippke M (2015) On the detection of exomoons: a search in Kepler data for the orbital sampling effect and the scatter peak. ApJ 806:51. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/51, 1502.05033
Jacobson SA, Morbidelli A (2014) Lunar and terrestrial planet formation in the grand tack scenario. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 372:0174. doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0174, 1406.2697
Kenworthy MA, Mamajek EE (2015) Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b: sculpting by exomoons? ApJ 800:126. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/126, 1501.05652
Kipping DM (2009a) Transit timing effects due to an exomoon. MNRAS 392:181–189. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13999.x, 0810.2243
Kipping DM (2009b) Transit timing effects due to an exomoon – II. MNRAS 396:1797–1804. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14869.x, 0904.2565
Kipping DM (2011) LUNA: an algorithm for generating dynamic planet-moon transits. MNRAS 416:689–709. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19086.x, 1105.3499
Kipping DM, Fossey SJ, Campanella G (2009) On the detectability of habitable exomoons with Kepler-class photometry. MNRAS 400:398–405. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15472.x, 0907.3909
Kipping DM, Bakos GÁ, Buchhave L, Nesvorný D, Schmitt A (2012) The hunt for exomoons with Kepler (HEK). I. Description of a new observational project. ApJ 750:115. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/115, 1201.0752
Kipping DM, Schmitt AR, Huang X et al (2015) The hunt for exomoons with Kepler (HEK): V. A survey of 41 planetary candidates for exomoons. ApJ 813:14. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/813/1/14, 1503.05555
Levison HF, Dones L, Chapman CR et al (2001) Could the lunar “Late Heavy Bombardment” have been triggered by the formation of Uranus and Neptune? Icarus 151:286–306. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6608
Lewis KM, Sackett PD, Mardling RA (2008) Possibility of detecting Moons of pulsar planets through time-of-arrival analysis. ApJ 685:L153–L156. doi:10.1086/592743, 0805.4263
Lewis KM, Ochiai H, Nagasawa M, Ida S (2015) Extrasolar binary planets II: detectability by transit observations. ApJ 805:27. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/805/1/27, 1504.06365
Liebig C, Wambsganss J (2010) Detectability of extrasolar moons as gravitational microlenses. Astron Astrophys 520:A68, 13 pp
Maciejewski G, Dimitrov D, Neuhäuser R et al (2010) Transit timing variation in exoplanet WASP-3b. MNRAS 407:2625–2631. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17099.x, 1006.1348
Mamajek EE, Quillen AC, Pecaut MJ et al (2012) Planetary construction zones in occultation: discovery of an extrasolar ring system transiting a young sun-like star and future prospects for detecting eclipses by circumsecondary and circumplanetary disks. AJ 143:72. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/72, 1108.4070
Marois C, Macintosh B, Barman T et al (2008) Direct imaging of multiple planets orbiting the star HR 8799. Science 322:1348. doi:10.1126/science.1166585, 0811.2606
Montalto M, Gregorio J, Boué G et al (2012) A new analysis of the WASP-3 system: no evidence for an additional companion. Mon Not R Astron Soc 427(4):2757–2771. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21926.x, http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/427/4/2757.abstract, http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/427/4/2757.full.pdf+html
Morbidelli A, Tsiganis K, Batygin K, Crida A, Gomes R (2012) Explaining why the uranian satellites have equatorial prograde orbits despite the large planetary obliquity. Icarus 219:737–740. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.025, 1208.4685
Moskovitz NA, Gaidos E, Williams DM (2009) The effect of lunarlike satellites on the orbital infrared light curves of Earth-analog planets. Astrobiology 9:269–277. doi:10.1089/ast.2007.0209, 0810.2069
Noyola JP, Satyal S, Musielak ZE (2014) Detection of exomoons through observation of radio emissions. ApJ 791:25. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/25, 1308.4184
Noyola JP, Satyal S, Musielak ZE (2016) On the radio detection of multiple-exomoon systems due to plasma torus sharing. ApJ 821:97. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/97, 1603.01862
Ohta Y, Taruya A, Suto Y (2009) Predicting photometric and spectroscopic signatures of rings around transiting extrasolar planets. ApJ 690:1–12. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/1, astro-ph/0611466
Pál A (2012) Light-curve modelling for mutual transits. MNRAS 420:1630–1635. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20151.x, 1111.1741
Peters MA, Turner EL (2013) On the direct imaging of tidally heated exomoons. ApJ 769:98. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/769/2/98, 1209.4418
Pollack JB, Reynolds RT (1974) Implications of Jupiter’s early contraction history for the composition of the galilean satellites. Icarus 21:248–253. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(74)90040-2
Pont F, Gilliland RL, Moutou C et al (2007) Hubble space telescope time-series photometry of the planetary transit of HD 189733: no Moon, no rings, starspots. A&A 476:1347–1355. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078269, 0707.1940
Rauer H, Catala C, Aerts C et al (2014) The PLATO 2.0 mission. Exp Astron 38:249–330. doi:10.1007/s10686-014-9383-4, 1310.0696
Robinson TD (2011) Modeling the infrared spectrum of the earth-Moon system: implications for the detection and characterization of Earthlike extrasolar planets and their Moonlike companions. ApJ 741:51. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/51, 1110.3744
Rosenblatt P, Charnoz S, Dunseath KM et al (2016) Accretion of phobos and Deimos in an extended debris disc stirred by transient moons. Nat Geosci 9(8):581–583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2742
Rufu R, Aharonson O, Perets HB (2017) A multiple-impact origin for the moon. Nature Geosci. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2866
Samsing J (2015) Extracting periodic transit signals from noisy light curves using fourier series. ApJ 807:65. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/65, 1503.03504
Santos NC, Martins JHC, Boué G et al (2015) Detecting ring systems around exoplanets using high resolution spectroscopy: the case of 51 Pegasi b. A&A 583:A50. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526673, 1509.00723
Sartoretti P, Schneider J (1999) On the detection of satellites of extrasolar planets with the method of transits. A&AS 134:553–560. doi:10.1051/aas:1999148
Sato M, Asada H (2009) Effects of mutual transits by extrasolar planet-companion systems on light curves. PASJ 61:L29. 0906.2590
Sengupta S, Marley MS (2016) Detecting exomoons around self-luminous giant exoplanets through polarization. ApJ 824:76. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/76, 1604.04773
Simon A, Szatmáry K, Szabó GM (2007) Determination of the size, mass, and density of “exomoons” from photometric transit timing variations. A&A 470:727–731. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066560, 0705.1046
Simon AE, Szabó GM, Szatmáry K, Kiss LL (2010) Methods for exomoon characterization: combining transit photometry and the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. MNRAS 406:2038–2046. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16818.x
Simon AE, Szabó GM, Kiss LL, Szatmáry K (2012) Signals of exomoons in averaged light curves of exoplanets. MNRAS 419:164–171. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19682.x, 1108.4557
Simon A, Szabó G, Kiss L, Fortier A, Benz W (2015) CHEOPS performance for exomoons: the detectability of exomoons by using optimal decision algorithm. PASP 127:1084–1095. doi:10.1086/683392, 1508.00321
Skowron J, Udalski A, Szymański MK et al (2014) New method to measure proper motions of microlensed sources: application to candidate free-floating-planet event MOA-2011-BLG-262. ApJ 785:156. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/156, 1312.7297
Spahn F, Schmidt J, Albers N et al (2006) Cassini dust measurements at Enceladus and implications for the origin of the E ring. Science 311:1416–1418. doi:10.1126/science.1121375
Szabó GM, Szatmáry K, Divéki Z, Simon A (2006) Possibility of a photometric detection of “exomoons”. A&A 450:395–398. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054555, astro-ph/0601186
Szabó R, Szabó GM, Dálya G et al (2013) Multiple planets or exomoons in Kepler hot Jupiter systems with transit timing variations? A&A 553:A17. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220132, 1207.7229
Tusnski LRM, Valio A (2011) Transit model of planets with Moon and ring systems. ApJ 743:97. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/97, 1111.5599
Williams DM, Knacke RF (2004) Looking for planetary Moons in the spectra of distant Jupiters. Astrobiology 4:400–403. doi:10.1089/ast.2004.4.400
Zhuang Q, Gao X, Yu Q (2012) The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for exomoons or binary planets. ApJ 758:111. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/111, 1207.6966
Zuluaga JI, Kipping DM, Sucerquia M, Alvarado JA (2015) A novel method for identifying exoplanetary rings. ApJ 803:L14. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/803/1/L14, 1502.07818
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Heller, R. (2017). Detecting and Characterizing Exomoons and Exorings. In: Deeg, H., Belmonte, J. (eds) Handbook of Exoplanets . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_35-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_35-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30648-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30648-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics