Botulinum Toxin for New Indications

Hexsel, Doris; Caspary, Patricia; Siega, Carolina

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20253-2_14-3

Doris Hexsel^5,6,
Patricia Caspary⁷ &
Carolina Siega⁷

Part of the book series: Clinical Approaches and Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology ((CAPCD))

240 Accesses

Abstract

Since it was first approved by FDA for the treatment of glabellar frown lines, botulinum toxin rapidly became one of the most popular cosmetic procedures. In the last decade, its use has increased with improved techniques and new indications in the medical and cosmetic field. These include the treatment of asymmetries, muscles hypertrophy, and different conditions aggravated by sweating, keloids, and some diseases, as depression, rosacea, oily skin and associated conditions, and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Besides its effects in different conditions, new uses might be developed in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

Alam M, Barrett KC, Hodapp RM, Arndt KA. Botulinum toxin and the facial feedback hypothesis: can looking better make you feel happier? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:1061–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.10.649.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ascher B, Talarico S, Cassuto D, Escobar S, Hexsel D, Jaén P, et al. International consensus recommendation on the aesthetic usage of botulinum toxin type A (Speywood unit)-part one: upper facial wrinkles. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(11):1278–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03631.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bartoli D, Battisti A, Cassoni A, Terenzi V, Della Monaca M, Pagnoni M, et al. Contralateral botulinum injections in patients with residual facial asymmetry and contralateral hyperkinesis after primary facial palsy surgery. Ann Ital Chir. 2015;86(3):201–6.
PubMed Google Scholar
Benedetto AV. Asymmetrical smiles corrected by botulinum toxin serotype A. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(1 Spec No):S32–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32329.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bessa GR, Grazziotin TC, Manzoni AP, Weber MP, Bonamigo RR. Hailey-Hailey disease treatment with botulinum toxin type A. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85(5):717–22.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee K, Singh M, Bhattacharjee H. Extended effect after a single dose of type A botulinum toxin for asymmetric masseter muscle hypertrophy. Indian J Plast Surg. 2015;48(2):196–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.163061.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bloom BS, Payongayong L, Mourin A, Goldberg DJ. Impact of intradermal abobotulinumtoxinA on facial erythema of rosacea. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41 Suppl 1:S9–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000277.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Carruthers JD, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992;18(1):17–21.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. The effect of full-face broadband light treatments alone and in combination with bilateral crow’s feet botulinum toxin type A chemodenervation. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(3):355–66.
PubMed Google Scholar
Carruthers JD, Glogau RG, Blitzer A. Advances in facial rejuvenation: botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies-consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(5 Suppl):5S–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31816de8d0.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Monheit G, Davis P, Tardie G. Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study of the safety and effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (24-mg/mL smooth, cohesive gel) alone and in combination for lower facial rejuvenation. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36:2121–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01705.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cha YR, Kim YG, Kim JH, Kim ST. Effect of unilateral injection of botulinum toxin on lower facial asymmetry as evaluated using three-dimensional laser scanning. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(6):900–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12171.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chang CS, Wallace CG, Hsiao YC, Chang CJ, Chen PK. Botulinum toxin to improve results in cleft lip repair: a double-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(12), e115690. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115690. eCollection 2014.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chiaravalloti A, Payette M. Hailey-Hailey disease and review of management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(10):1254–7.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Coleman KR, Carruthers J. Combination therapy with BOTOX and fillers: the new rejuvenation paradigm. Dermatol Ther. 2006;19(3):177–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006.00072.x.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Davis SA, Feldman SR, McMichael AJ. Management of keloids in the United States, 1990–2009: an analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(7):988–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12182.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dayan SH, Ashourian N. Considerations for achieving a natural face in cosmetic procedures. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2015;17(6):395. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamafacial.2015.1004.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Dayan SH, Pritzker RN, Arkins JP. A new treatment regimen for rosacea: onabotulinumtoxinA. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(12):e76–9.
PubMed Google Scholar
de Maio M. Ethnic and gender considerations in the use of facial injectables: male patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):40S–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001729.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ, Schoones J. Botulinum toxin for masseter hypertrohphy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;9:CD007510. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007510.pub3.
Article Google Scholar
Finzi E, Rosenthal NE. Treatment of depression with onabotulinumtoxinA: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;52:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.006.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Finzi E, Wasserman E. Treatment of depression with botulinum toxin A: a case series. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(5):645–9; discussion 649–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32136.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fregene A, Ditmars D, Siddiqui A. Botulinum toxin type A: a treatment option for digital ischemia in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2009;34(3):446–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.11.026.
Article Google Scholar
Gassia V, Raspaldo H, Niforos FR, Michaud T. Global 3-dimensional approach to natural rejuvenation: recommendations for perioral, nose, and ear rejuvenation. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2013;12(2):123–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12035.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gassner HG, Brissett AE, Otley CC, Boahene DK, Boggust AJ, Weaver AL, et al. Botulinum toxin to improve facial wound healing: a prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(8):1023–8. https://doi.org/10.4065/81.8.1023.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gauglitz GG, Bureik D, Dombrowski Y, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of keloids. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;25(6):313–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000342125.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Haubner F, Ohmann E, Müller-Vogt U, Kummer P, Strutz J, Gassner HG. Effects of botulinum toxin a on cytokine synthesis in a cell culture model of cutaneous scarring. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2012;14(2):122–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfacial.2011.734.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Haubner F, Leyh M, Ohmann E, Sadick H, Gassner HG. Effects of botulinum toxin A on patient-specific keloid fibroblasts in vitro. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(6):1344–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24456.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Heckmann M, Teichmann B, Schröder U, Sprengelmeyer R, Ceballos-Baumann AO. Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and decreases baseline expression of anger, sadness, and fear. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(2):213–6. https://doi.org/10.1067/S0190-9622(03)00909-5.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hexsel D. Combining procedures with botulinum toxin in dermatology and dermatological surgery. In: Hexsel D, Almeida AT, editors. Cosmetic use of botulinum toxin. São Paulo: AGE; 2002. p. 211–5.
Google Scholar
Hexsel D, Brum C, Siega C, Schilling-Souza J, Dal’Forno T, Heckmann M, et al. Evaluation of self-esteem and depression symptoms in depressed and nondepressed subjects treated with onabotulinumtoxinA for glabellar lines. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(7):1088–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12175.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ho D, Jagdeo J. Successful botulinum toxin (onabotulinumtoxinA) treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(1):68–70.
PubMed Google Scholar
Hohl D, Mauro T, Görög JP. Genodermatoses: Darier’s disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini R, editors. Dermatology. vol. I. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2003. p. 823–33.
Google Scholar
Iorio ML, Masden DL, Higgins JP. Botulinum toxin A treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41(4):599–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.07.006.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Iozzo I, Tengattini V, Antonucci VA. Multipoint and multilevel injection technique of botulinum toxin A in facial aesthetics. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2014;13(2):135–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12090.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Jeong HS, Lee BH, Sung HM, Park SY, Ahn DK, Jung MS, et al. Effect of Botulinum toxin type A on differentiation of fibroblasts derived from scar tissue. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(2):171e–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001438.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Katon WJ. Epidemiology and treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13:7–23.
PubMed Google Scholar
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095–105. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Khan TT, Herne K, Dayan SH, Woodward JA. Facial blanching due to neurotoxins: proposed mechanisms. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(1 Pt 1):24–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12057.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kim YS, Lee HJ, Cho S, Lee JD, Kim HS. Early postoperative treatment of thyroidectomy scars using botulinum toxin: a split-scar, double-blind randomized controlled trial. Wound Repair Regen. 2014;22(5):605–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12204.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Klein FH, Brenner FM, Sato MS, Robert FM, Helmer KA. Lower facial remodeling with botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of masseter hypertrophy. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(6):878–84. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143200.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Koeyers WJ, Van Der Geer S, Krekels G. Botulinum toxin type A as an adjuvant treatment modality for extensive Hailey-Hailey disease. J Dermatolog Treat. 2008;19(4):251–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546630801955135.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kruger TH, Wollmer MA. Depression – an emerging indication for botulinum toxin treatment. Toxicon. 2015; pii: S0041-0101(15)30094-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.035.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Landau M. Combination of chemical peelings with botulinum toxin injections and dermal fillers. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2006;5(2):121–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00237.x.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Lapiere JC, Hirsh A, Gordon KB, Cook B, Montalvo A. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of axillary Hailey-Hailey disease. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26(4):371–4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee DH, Jin SP, Cho S, Feneran A, Youn CS, Won CH, et al. RimabotulinumtoxinB versus onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of masseter hypertrophy: a 24-week double-blind randomized split-face study. Dermatology. 2013;226(3):227–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000349984.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lewis MB, Bowler PJ. Botulinum toxin cosmetic therapy correlates with a more positive mood. Cosmet Dermatol. 2009;8(1):24–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00419.x.
Article Google Scholar
Li ZJ, Park SB, Sohn KC, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Kim CD, et al. Regulation of lipid production by acetylcholine signalling in human sebaceous glands. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;72(2):116–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.009.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
López-Ferrer A, Alomar A. Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of familial benign pemphigus. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103(6):532–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2011.05.015.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Magid M, Reichenberg JS, Poth PE, Robertson HT, LaViolette AK, Kruger TH, et al. Treatment of major depressive disorder using botulinum toxin A: a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(8):837–44. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08845.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Min P, Xi W, Grassetti L, Trisliana Perdanasari A, Torresetti M, Feng S, et al. Sebum production alteration after Botulinum toxin type A injections for the treatment of forehead rhytides: a prospective randomized double-blind dose-comparative clinical investigation. Aesthet Surg J. 2015;35(5):600–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sju150.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Motegi SI, Yamada K, Toki S, Uchiyama A, Kubota Y, Nakamura T, Ishikawa O. Beneficial effect of botulinum toxin A on Raynaud’s phenomenon in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis: a prospective, case series study. J Dermatol. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13030.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Neumeister MW. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2010;35(12):2085–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.09.019.
Article Google Scholar
Oh YJ, Lee NY, Suh DH, Koh JS, Lee SJ, Shin MK. A split-face study using botulinum toxin type B to decrease facial erythema index. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2011;13(5):243–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/14764172.2011.613479.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Park KY, Hyun MY, Jeong SY, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Hong CK. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of refractory erythema and flushing of rosacea. Dermatology. 2015;230:299–301. https://doi.org/10.1159/000368773.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Prodromidou A, Frountzas M, Vlachos DE, Vlachos GD, Bakoyiannis I, Perrea D, et al. Botulinum toxin for the prevention and healing of wound scars: a systematic review of the literature. Plast Surg (Oakv). 2015;23(4):260–4.
Article Google Scholar
Raspaldo H, Niforos FR, Gassia V, Dallara JM, Bellity P, Baspeyras M, et al. Lower-face and neck antiaging treatment and prevention using onabotulinumtoxin A: the 2010 multidisciplinary French consensus – part 2. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2011;10(2):131–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00560.x.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rose AE, Goldberg DJ. Safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of oily skin. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(3 Pt 1):443–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12097.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saber M, Brassard D, Benohanian A. Inverse psoriasis and hyperhidrosis of the axillae responding to botulinum toxin type A. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(5):629–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.111.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sadiq SA, Khwaja S, Saeed SR. Botulinum toxin to improve lower facial symmetry in facial nerve palsy. Eye(Lond). 2012;26(11):1431–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2012.189.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Semchyshyn NL, Kilmer SL. Does laser inactivate botulinum toxin? Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(4):399–404.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Serri J, Legré R, Veit V, Guardia C, Gay AM. Botulinum toxin type A contribution in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon due to systemic sclerosis. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2013;58(6):658–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anplas.2011.11.001.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shaarawy E, Hegazy RA, Abdel Hay RM. Intralesional botulinum toxin type A equally effective and better tolerated than intralesional steroid in the treatment of keloids: a randomized controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(2):161–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12134.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Shah AR. Use of intradermal botulinum toxin to reduce sebum production and facial pore size. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7(9):847–50.
PubMed Google Scholar
Steinsapir KD, Rootman D, Wulc A, Hwang C. Cosmetic microdroplet Botulinum toxin A forehead lift: a new treatment paradigm. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(4):263–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000000282.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sterodimas A, Nicolaou M, Paes TR. Successful use of Botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of neck and anterior chest wall flushing. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28(6):592–4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tiryaki T, Ciloglu NS. Eyebrow asymmetry: definition and symmetrical correction using botulinum toxin A. Aesthet Surg J. 2007;27(5):513–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2007.06.005.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tollefson TT, Senders CM, Sykes JM, Byorth PJ. Botulinum toxin to improve results in cleft lip repair. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8(3):221–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.8.3.221.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Uppal L, Dhaliwal K, Butler PE. A prospective study of the use of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of Raynaud’s syndrome associated with scleroderma. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;39(8):876–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193413516242.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Van de Kerkhof. Psoriasis. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini R, editors. Dermatology. vol. I. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2003. p. 125–49.
Google Scholar
Walling HW. Primary hyperhidrosis increases the risk of cutaneous infection: a case–control study of 387 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(2):242–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.02.038.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Wang G, Li C, Gao T, Liu Y. Clinical analysis of 48 cases of inverse psoriasis: a hospital-based study. Eur J Dermatol. 2005;15(3):176–8.
PubMed Google Scholar
Weinkle AP, Doktor V, Emer J. Update on the management of rosacea. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:159–77. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S58940. eCollection 2015.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M, Drake L, Liang MH, Odom R, Powell F, National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. Standard grading system for rosacea: report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the classification and staging of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(6):907–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.048.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Williams DR, González HM, Neighbors H, Nesse R, Abelson JM, Sweetman J, et al. Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the national survey of American life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(3):305–15. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.305.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Wollmer MA, de Boer C, Kalak N, Beck J, Götz T, Schmidt T, et al. Facing depression with botulinum toxin: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(5):574–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.027.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
WT W. Microbotox of the lower face and neck: evolution of a personal technique and its clinical effects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):92S–100. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001827.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Xiao Z, Zhang F, Cui Z. Treatment of hypertrophic scars with intralesional botulinum toxin type A injections: a preliminary report. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009;33(3):409–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-009-9334-z.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Xiao Z, Zhang F, Lin W, Zhang M, Liu Y. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on transforming growth factor beta1 in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scar: a preliminary report. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;34(4):424–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-009-9423-z.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Xiao Z, Zhang M, Liu Y, Ren L. Botulinum toxin type a inhibits connective tissue growth factor expression in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scar. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2011;35(5):802–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9690-3.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Xiaoxue W, Xi C, Zhibo X. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on expression of genes in keloid fibroblasts. Aesthet Surg J. 2014;34(1):154–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X13482938.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Yuraitis M, Jacob CI. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of facial flushing. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(1):102–4.
PubMed Google Scholar
Zanchi M, Favot F, Bizzarini M, Piai M, Donini M, Sedona P. Botulinum toxin type-A for the treatment of inverse psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(4):431–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02457.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhang X, Hu Y, Nie Z, Song Y, Pan Y, Liu Y, Jin L. Treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon with botulinum toxin type A. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(7):1225–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2084-6.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Zhao H, Lian Y. Clinical and image improvement of Raynaud’s phenomenon after botulinum toxin type A treatment. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(3):202–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12326.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhibo X, Miaobo ZJ. Botulinum toxin type A affects cell cycle distribution of fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scar. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(9):1128–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2008.05.003.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ziade M, Domergue S, Batifol D, Jreige R, Sebbane M, Goudot P, et al. Use of botulinum toxin type A to improve treatment of facial wounds: a prospective randomised study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(2):209–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2012.09.012.
Article PubMed Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Dermatology, Brazilian Center for Studies in Dermatology, Porto Alegre / Rio de Janeiro, RS / RJ, Brazil
Doris Hexsel
Hexsel Dermatology Clinic, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Doris Hexsel
Brazilian Center for Studies in Dermatology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Patricia Caspary & Carolina Siega

Authors

Doris Hexsel
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Patricia Caspary
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Carolina Siega
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Doris Hexsel .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, São Paulo, Brazil
Maria Claudia Almeida Issa
Lexbios Medica S/S, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Bhertha Tamura

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this entry

Cite this entry

Hexsel, D., Caspary, P., Siega, C. (2019). Botulinum Toxin for New Indications. In: Issa, M., Tamura, B. (eds) Botulinum Toxins, Fillers and Related Substances. Clinical Approaches and Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20253-2_14-3

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20253-2_14-3
Received: 10 November 2018
Accepted: 10 November 2018
Published: 02 January 2019
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20253-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20253-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

Latest
Botulinum Toxin for New Indications

Published:

02 January 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20253-2_14-3
Botulinum Toxin for New Indications

Published:

17 May 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20253-2_14-2
Original
Toxin for New Indications

Published:

21 November 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20253-2_14-1