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Sabkhas, Saline Mudflats and Pans

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Book cover Evaporites

Abstract

This chapter looks at Quaternary depositional styles depositing saline sediments in ephemeral saline waters, focusing on modern evaporitic mudflats (sabkhas) and saline pans. These two settings encompass that part of the hydrological spectrum dominated by capillary and ephemeral at-surface brine hydrologies. Climatically, these settings tend to occur in arid deserts (Köppen zone: BW) in both coastal and continental interior arid settings where saline groundwaters are found with a metre of the landsurface. A saline watertable may sometimes outcrop for a short period and precipitate a layer of pan evaporites with primary textures before drying up once more. With drying the brine surface sinks into the sediment to become a watertable and the evaporite system switches to capillary evaporation with secondary (very early diagenetic) sabkha salts forming in the sediment host. The other modern hydrological setting where salt beds tend to form is that typified by perennial subaqueous brine hydrologies (primary textures) in coastal and continental settings and this will be the focus of the next chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In the original Spanish, playa means beach or shoreline.

  2. 2.

    On almost all maps printed before 1960, and in most modern international treaties, documents and maps, this body of water is known as the “Persian Gulf”. This follows similar usage of Persian Gulf by the ancient Greek geographers, Strabo and Ptolemy, who in contrast, used Arabian Gulf to the refer to the Red Sea. With the rise of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, the name Arabian Gulf, not the Persian Gulf, become predominant in many Arab countries, initially as an expression of anti-American feeling in the Arab world, because until 1979 and the Iranian Revolution, America supported the of Shah of Iran. Since 1980, the term Arabian Gulf, is increasingly used by many Sunni-dominated Arab Gulf states to counter the rising power of the theocratic (Shia-dominated) Iranian (Persian) Republic.

  3. 3.

    In original Arabic, nabkha (nebkha) translates as “small sandy hillock”.

  4. 4.

    Walther’s Law of Facies states that the vertical succession of facies reflects lateral changes in environment. Conversely, it states that when a depositional environment “migrates” laterally, sediments of one depositional environment come to lie on top of another.

  5. 5.

    The El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climatic phenomenon marked by see-saw shifts in air pressure between the Indo-Australian and eastern regions of the Tropical Pacific. El Nino and La Nina refer to extreme phases in the 2–7 year cycle. During the warm ‘El Nino’ phase, the Australian seaboard cools, SE trade winds slacken and extended periods of drought are experienced in the Australian interior. In the cool ‘La Nina’ phase, the seas around Australia warm, the SE trade winds intensify, and widespread rain and flooding occurs.

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  1. Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    John K. Warren

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Warren, J.K. (2016). Sabkhas, Saline Mudflats and Pans. In: Evaporites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13512-0_3

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