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International Sun-Earth Explorers 1 & 2

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Abstract

The ISEE-1&2 Explorers were a joint NASA-ESA program with instruments on both spacecraft from the USA and Europe with ISEE-1 built in the USA and ISEE-2 in Europe, launched on a single rocket into the same orbit. The interspacecraft distance was variable, allowing the velocities of the boundaries traversed by the spacecraft to be measured and hence their thickness to be determined and compared quantitatively with theory. The missions’ major discoveries included determining that magnetic reconnection controlled magnetospheric dynamics, what factors controlled the rate of reconnection, and which plasma physical processes provided the dissipation for collisionless shocks. Together with ISEE-3 stationed in orbit around the L-1 Lagrangian point, this was the first space weather mission.

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References

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to NASA and the teams of scientists and engineers who staffed the ISEE-1 and 2 missions. ESA’s support was equally invaluable. Many of the data were preserved by the National Space Science Data Center and can be still accessed today.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, 603 Charles Young Drive, 3845 Slichter Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1567, USA

    C. T. Russell

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  1. C. T. Russell
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Correspondence to C. T. Russell .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. US Department of Defense, Albuquergue, New Mexico, USA

    Firooz Allahdadi

  2. Arlington, Virginia, USA

    Joseph N. Pelton

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© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Russell, C.T. (2014). International Sun-Earth Explorers 1 & 2. In: Allahdadi, F., Pelton, J. (eds) Handbook of Cosmic Hazards and Planetary Defense. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02847-7_26-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02847-7_26-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02847-7

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