Abstract
To assure accurate terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) point clouds, the instruments should be repeatedly calibrated in the manufacturer’s facilities, either in regular time intervals or if they fail the examination on a test-field. This workflow has drawbacks for the end-users: there is no deeper understanding of the calibration procedure and it is time- and money-wise burdening. As an alternative, scientists developed several user-oriented calibration approaches, which are not well accepted in practice. We investigated the differences between the factory calibration and two user-oriented calibration approaches, as well as their interaction. The investigation focuses on the raw point clouds without factory calibration. Our results show that the user-oriented calibration can replace the manufacturer calibration to some degree. However, the user-oriented calibration on top of the manufacturers’ calibration improves the measurement quality beyond the factory calibration. Hence, user-oriented calibration should be considered as an alternative for the re-calibration to deliver up-to-date calibration parameters.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Mukupa, W.; Roberts, G.W.; Hancock, C.M.; Al-Manasir, K. A review of the use of terrestrial laser scanning application for change detection and deformation monitoring of structures. Surv. Rev. 2017, 49, 99–116.
Walsh, G. Leica ScanStation P-Series – Details that matter. Leica ScanStation - White Paper, Online: http://blog.hexagongeosystems.com/(accessed on May 21, 2019).
Holst, C.; Neuner, H.; Wieser, A.; Wunderlich, T.; Kuhlmann, H. Calibration of Terrestrial Laser Scanners / Kalibrierung terrestrischer Laserscanner. Allg. Vermessungs-Nachrichten 2016, 123, 147–157.
Mettenleiter, M.; Härtl, F.; Kresser, S.; Fröhlich, C. Laserscanning—Phasenbasierte Lasermesstechnik für die hochpräzise und schnelle dreidimensionale Umgebungserfassung, Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich, Germany, 2015.
Lichti, D.D. Error modelling, calibration and analysis of an AM-CW terrestrial laser scanner system. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2007, 61, 307–324.
Reshetyuk, Y. Self-calibration and direct georeferencing in terrestrial laser scanning, KTH Stockholm, 2009.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Optics and optical instruments – Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments – Part 9: Terrestrial laser scanners. 2018.
Gielsdorf, F.; Rietdorf, A.; Gruendig, L. A Concept for the Calibration of Terrestrial Laser Scanners. Proc. FIG Work. Week. Athens, Greec 2004, 1–10.
Chan, T.O.; Lichti, D.D.; Belton, D. A rigorous cylinder-based self-calibration approach for terrestrial laser scanners. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2015, 99, 84–99.
Holst, C.; Kuhlmann, H. Aiming at self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners using only one single object and one single scan. J. Appl. Geod. 2014, 8, 295–310.
Medić, T.; Kuhlmann, H.; Holst, C. Automatic in-situ self-calibration of a panoramic TLS from a single station using 2D keypoints. In ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences; 2019.
Vosselman, G.; Maas, H.G. Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning; Whittles Publishing, 2010; ISBN 9781439827987.
GmbH, Z. + F. Z + F Imager 5016 Preliminary Data Sheet 2016, 1–3.
Medić, T.; Kuhlmann, H.; Holst, C. Designing and evaluating a user-oriented calibration field for the target-based self-calibration of panoramic terrestrial laser scanners. Remote Sens. 2020, 12(1), 15.
Janßen, J.; Medić, T.; Kuhlmann, H.; Holst, C. Decreasing the uncertainty of the target centre estimation at terrestrial laser scanning by choosing the best algorithm and by improving the target design. Remote Sens. 2019, 11 (7).
Medić, T.; Kuhlmann, H.; Holst, C. Sensitivity Analysis and Minimal Measurement Geometry for the Target-Based Calibration of High-End Panoramic Terrestrial Laser Scanners. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1519.
Förstner, W.; Gülch, E. A Fast Operator for Detection and Precise Location of Distict Point, Corners and Centres of Circular Features. In Proceedings of the ISPRS Conference on Fast Processing of Photogrammetric Data; Interlaken, 1987, 281–305.
Förstner, W.; Wrobel, B.P. Photogrammetric Computer Vision; Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2016; ISBN 9783319115498.
Lague, D.; Brodu, N.; Leroux, J. Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (N-Z). ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2013, 82, 10–26.
Muralikrishnan, B.; Ferrucci, M.; Sawyer, D.; et al. Volumetric performance evaluation of a laser scanner based on geometric error model. Precis. Eng. 2015, 40, 139–150.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express gratitude to Zoller + Fröhlich GmbH for providing us the unique opportunity to investigate their flagship TLS Imager 5016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Medić, T., Kuhlmann, H., Holst, C. (2021). Empirical Evaluation of Terrestrial Laser Scanner Calibration Strategies: Manufacturer-Based, Target-Based and Keypoint-Based. In: Kopáčik, A., Kyrinovič, P., Erdélyi, J., Paar, R., Marendić, A. (eds) Contributions to International Conferences on Engineering Surveying. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51953-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51953-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51952-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-51953-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)