Skip to main content

Indohyus, Endemic Radiation of Raoellid Artiodactyls in the Eocene of India and Pakistan

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics

Abstract

The South Asian artiodactyl genus Indohyus contains two species: I. indirae and I. major. Indohyus is the senior synonym of several other genera: Raoella, Kunmunella, Metkatius and Haqueina (in part). The dental morphology of a large collection of I. indirae from the locality Sindkhatudi in Jammu & Kashmir is described here. While morphological variation in teeth is significant, there are no discrete features that could be used to recognize more than one species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bajpai, S., Kapur, V. V., Das, D. P., Tiwari, B. N., Saravanan, N., & Sharma, R. (2005). Early Eocene land mammals from Vastan lignite mine, district Surat (Gujarat), Western India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 50, 101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, L. N., Thewissen, J. G. M., Bajpai, S., & Tiwari, B. N. (2011). Postcranial morphology and locomotion of the Eocene raoellid Indohyus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2011.624184.

  • Dehm, R., & Spielberg, T. O. (1958). Paleontologische und geologische Untersuchungen Im Tertiaer von Pakistan. 2. Die mitteleocaenenSauegetiere von Ganda Kasbei Basal in Nord-West Pakistan. AbhandlungenBayerischenAkademie der Wissenschaftenmathematisch -naturwissenschaftlicheKlasse. neueFolge, 91, 1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatesy, J., Geisler, J. H., Chang, J., Buell, C., Berta, A., Meredith, R. W., et al. (2013). A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 479–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geisler, J. H., & Theodor, J. M. (2009). Hippopotamus and whale phylogeny. Nature, 458, E1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, K. (1998). Tertiary vertebrates from the pre-Siwalik Himalayan foreland basin, Northwest India. Himalayan Foreland Basin, Workshop, University of Jammu, March 16–19, 1998, Abstracts 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, K. (2000). Correlation of continental Eocene vertebrate localities of the Indian Subcontinent. Himalayan Geology, 21, 63–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, K., Rose, K. D., Rana, R. S., Singh, L., Smith, T., & Sahni, A. (2010). Early Eocene artiodactyls (Mammalia) from western India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30, 1245–1274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, K., & Sahni, A. (1985). Eocene mammals form the Upper Subathu Group, Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 5, 153–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Métais, G., Naing Soe, A., Marivaux, L., & Beard, K. C. (2007). Artiodactyls from the Pondaung Formation (Myanmar): New data and reevaluation of the South Asian faunal Province during the middle Eocene. Naturwissenschaften, 94, 759–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nanda, A. C., & Kumar, K. (1999). Excursion guide on the Himalayan foreland basin (Jammu-Kalakot-Udhampur sector). Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Special Publication, 2, 85 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orliac, M. J., & Ducrocq, S. (2011). Eocene raoellids (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) outside the Indian subcontinent: Paleogeographical implications. Geological Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000586.

  • Pilgrim, G. E. (1940). Middle Eocene mammals from northwest India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 110, 124–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranga Rao, A. (1971). New mammals from Murree (Kalakot Zone) of the Himalayan foot hills near Kalakot, Jammu & Kashmir State, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 12, 125–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranga Rao, A. (1972). New mammalian genera and species from the Kalakot zone of Himalayan foot hills near Kalakot, Jammu & Kashmir State, India. Special Paper, Directorate of Geology, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, 1, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. E., & Zhai, R. J. (1987). The Paleogene of Asia: Mammals and stratigraphy. Memoires de la Musém National d’Histoire. Naturelle, Paris, Science de la Terre, 52, 1–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahni, A., Bhatia, S. B., Hartenberger, J.-L., Jaeger, J.-J., Kumar, K., Sudre, J., et al. (1981). Vertebrates from the Subathu Formation and comments on the biogeography of Indian subcontinent during the early Paleogene. Bulletin de la Societé Geologique de France, 23, 689–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahni, A., & Khare, S. K. (1972) (for 1971). Three new Eocene mammals from Rajauri District, Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 16, 41–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahni, A., & Khare, S. K. (1973) (for 1972). Additional Eocene mammals from the Subathu Formation of Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 17, 31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaulding, M., O’Leary, M. A., & Gatesy, J. (2009). Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution. PLoS One, 4(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007062.

  • Theodor, J., Erfurt, J., & Métais, G. (2007). The earliest artiodactyls, Diacodexeidae, Dichobunidae, Homacodontidae, Leptochoeridae, and Raoelllidae. In D. R. Prothero & S. E. Foss (Eds.), The evolution of artiodactyls (pp. 32–58). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., Clementz, M. T., Bajpai, S., & Tiwari, B. N. (2007). Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India. Nature, 450, 1190–1195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., George, J. C., & Bajpai, S. (2009). From land to water: The origin of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2, 272–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Clementz, M. T., Sensor, J. D., & Bajpai, S. (2011). Evolution of dental wear and diet during the origin of whales. Paleobiology, 37, 655–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Gingerich, P. D., & Russell, R. E. (1987). Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla (Mammalia) form the early-middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contributions of the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 27, 247–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., & Hussain, S. T. (1998). Systematic review of the Pakicetidae, Early and middle Eocene Cetacea (Mammalia) from Pakistan and India. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum, 34, 220–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Russell, D. E., Gingerich, P. D., & Hussain, S. T. (1983). A new artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the Eocene of North-West Pakistan. Dentition and classification. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B, 86, 153–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., & Hussain, S. T. (2001a). Eocene mammal faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 347–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., Roe, L. J., & Hussain, S. T. (2001b). Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature, 413, 277–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsubamoto, T., Egi, N., Takai, M., Htike, T.-, Thein, Z.-M.-M. (2013). A new genus and species of bunodont artiodactyl from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. Paleontological Research, 17, 297–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhen, M. D. (2010). The origin(s) of whales. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38, 189–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, R. M. (1980). A middle Eocene large mammal assemblage with Tethyan affinities, Ganda Kas region, Pakistan. Journal of Paleontology, 54, 508–533.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. G. M. Thewissen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Thewissen, J.G.M., Nanda, A.C., Bajpai, S. (2020). Indohyus, Endemic Radiation of Raoellid Artiodactyls in the Eocene of India and Pakistan. In: Prasad, G.V., Patnaik, R. (eds) Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics