Abstract
In asking what translation history is and how it might be written, we explore some of the leading concepts and approaches that historians (of literature, language, culture, society, science, translation, and interpreting) engage with when they encounter translation. We consider the conceptual foundations of translation history in order to propose a way forward.
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Notes
- 1.
Anthony Pym, Method in Translation History (London and New York: Routledge, 2014, 1st ed. 1998), 29.
- 2.
We return to the definition of these three perspectives in the context of trust-signalling and its reception below in this chapter and in Chap. 2.
- 3.
Jouni Hakli, ‘Geographies of Trust’, in Social Capital and Urban Networks of Trust, ed. Jouni Hakli and Claudio Minca (London: Routledge, 2009), 22–45, at 24.
- 4.
Anthony Pym, ‘A Complaint Concerning the Lack of History in Translation Histories’, Livius. Revista de Estudios de Traducción 1 (1992): 1–11, and Method in Translation History, 234. See discussion in Marie-Alice Belle, ‘At the Interface between Translation History and Literary History: A Genealogy of the Theme of “Progress” in Seventeenth-Century English Translation History and Criticism’, The Translator 20 (2014): 44–63, at 45 and Anne Malena, ‘Where is the “History” in Translation Histories?’, TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rèdaction 24 (2011): 87–115. There are also three recent journal special issues dedicated to history in translation studies. See the references given at endnote 9 in the present chapter.
- 5.
See Rita Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Lawrence Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility. A History of Translation (London: Routledge, 1995); and Belle, ‘At the Interface’, 46.
- 6.
Marie-Alice Belle and Brenda M. Hosington, ‘Translation, History, and Print: A Model for the Study of Printed Translations in Early Modern Britain’, Translation Studies 10 (2016): 2–21. This model builds on several recent studies on English and French Renaissance translations and translators and invitations to reconsider research methodologies in translation history: see at least Guyda Armstrong, The English Boccaccio: A History in Books (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 2013); Anne E. B. Coldiron, Printers Without Borders: Translation and Textuality in the Renaissance (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015); and a special issue on ‘Translation and Print Culture in Early Modern Europe’, ed. Brenda M. Hosington, Renaissance Studies 29 (2015). On ‘rethinking’ methodologies in Translation History’ see Carol O’Sulllivan, ‘Introduction: Rethinking Methods in Translation History’, Translation Studies 5 (2012): 131–138 and Christopher Rundle, ‘Theories and Methodologies of Translation Histories: The Value of an Interdisciplinary Approach’, Translator 20 (2014): 2–8. Our focus in this volume goes beyond the study of specific nations, book history, and the history of print, and general calls for interdisciplinarity or collaboration.
- 7.
Apart from George Steiner, as mentioned below in this chapter, only Pym has made some forays into the significance of trust in translation. See Pym, Method in Translation History, 183–186 and Anthony Pym, On Translator Ethics. Principles for Mediation between Cultures, trans. Heike Walker (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2012), 70–104.
- 8.
Pym, On Translator Ethics, 70.
- 9.
One of the earliest discussions of translation history is the ongoing Medieval Translator/Traduire au Moyen Age series, which began with a conference in Cardiff in 1987. Several edited volumes have since been published under the editorship of Roger Ellis and others. In 1993, a special issue of TTR: traduction, terminologie, redaction focussed on ‘L’Historie en traduction’, edited by Paul St Pierre. Other significant contributions from the 1990s are Jean Delisle and Judith Woodsworth, Translators through History (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2012, 1st ed. 1995); Pym, Method in Translation History: The Translatability of Cultures. Figurations of the Spaces Between, ed. Sanford Budick and Wolfgang Iser (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996); Tesjaswini Niranjana, Siting Translation: History, Post-structuralism, and the Colonial Context (Oakland: University of California Press, 1992); Portraits de traducteurs, ed. Jean Delisle (Ottawa: Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, 1999); Vicente Rafael, Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Frances E. Karttunen, Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994); Translation/History/Culture. A Sourcebook, ed. André Lefevere (London and New York: Routledge, 2002, 1st ed. 1992); Ruth Roland, Interpreters as Diplomats. A Diplomatic History of the Role of Interpreters in World Politics (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1999); and Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics. Perhaps the most influential contribution from the same period, despite its narrow focus on modern Italian literature, is Lawrence Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility. A History of Translation (London and New York: Routledge, 2008, 1st ed. 1995). Of course, this list is only indicative and in no way meant to be exhaustive.
- 10.
See, for instance, Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe, ed. Peter Burke and R. Po-chia Hsia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) and Natalie Rothman, Brokering Empire: Trans-imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012).
- 11.
Julio-César Santoyo, ‘Blank Spaces in the History of Translation’, in Charting the Future of Translation History, ed. George L. Bastin and Paul F. Bandia (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2006), 11–44, at 12.
- 12.
See, for instance, Rueben A. Brower, On Translation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959); George Steiner, After Babel. Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, 1st ed. 1975); George Mounin, Teoria e storia della traduzione (Turin: Einaudi, 1965); Translation/History/Culture; Douglas Robinson, Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing 1997); and The Translation Studies Reader, ed. Lawrence Venuti (London and New York, 2012, 1st ed. 2000).
- 13.
Martha Cheung, An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation (Manchester: St Jerome Publishing, 2006).
- 14.
The list is too long to be comprehensive. For edited volumes see at least Translating Others, ed. Theo Hermans, 2 vols. (London and New York: Routledge, 2006); Missionary Linguistics V/Linguistica Misionera V. Translation Theories and Practices, ed. Otto Zwartjes, Klaus Zimmerman et al. (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2014); Tudor Translation, ed. Pérez Fernández, Edward Wilson-Lee, and Fred Schurink (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); The Culture of Translation in Early Modern England and France, 1500–1660, ed. Tania Demetriou and Rowan Tomlinson (Basingstoke and New York, 2015); and the Medieval Translation series edited by Roger Ellis and Ruth Evans. For monographs see Rebekah Clemens, A Cultural History of Translation in Early Modern Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015); Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility; Roberto A. Valdeón, Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2014); and Anne E. B. Coldiron, Printers without Borders.
- 15.
Louis G. Kelly, The True Interpreter. A History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979); Pym, Method in Translation History; Frederick R. Rener, Interpretatio: Language and Translation from Cicero to Tyler (Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1989); Belén Bistué, Collaborative Translation and Multi-version Texts in Early Modern Europe (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013); Translators through History; Douglas Robinson, Who Translates? Translator Subjectivities beyond Reason (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001); Agents of Translation, ed. John Milton and Paul Bandia (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2009); Translators, Interpreters, and Cultural Negotiators. Mediating and Communicating Power from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era, ed. Federico Federici and Dario Tessicini (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave, 2014); Jan Walsh Hokenson and Marcella Munson, The Bilingual Text. History and the Theory of Literary Self-Translation (Manchester and Kinderhook: St. Jerome Publishing, 2007); Karttunen, Between Worlds; Scott L. Montgomery, Science in Translation. Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000); and Ruth Roland, Interpreters as Diplomats.
- 16.
Pym, Method in Translation History; Brigitte Lépinette, La historia de la traducción. Metodología. Apuntes bibliográficos (Valencia: Universitat de València, 1997); Samuel López Alcalá, La historia, la traducción y el control del pasado (Madrid: Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 2001); Travel and Translation in the Early Modern Period, ed. Carmine G. Di Biase (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi B. V., 2006); Politics, Policy and Power in Translation History, ed. Lieven D’hulst, Carol O’Sullivan, and Michael Schreiber (Berlin: Frank & Timme, Verlag für wissenschaftliche Literatur, 2016); The Translability of Cultures; Mirella Agorni, Translating Italy for the Eighteenth Century: Women, Translation, and Travel Writing, 1739–1797 (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 2002); Margaret Ferguson, Dido’s Daughters: Literacy, Gender, and Empire in Early Modern England and France (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003); special issue on ‘Translating and Translations in the History of Science’, ed. Bettina Dietz, Annals of Science 73 (2016); special issue on ‘Science and Translation’, ed. Maeve Olohan and Myriam Salama-Carr, The Translator 17 (2011); Bistué, Collaborative Translation; Collaborative Translation: From the Renaissance to the Digital Age, ed. Anthony Cordingley and Céline Frigau Manning (London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017); and Sharon Deane-Cox, Retranslation: Translation, Literature and Reinterpretation (London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014).
- 17.
Anthony Pym, Translation and Text Transfer: An Essay on the Principles of Intercultural Communication (Frankfurt am Main and New York: Peter Lang, 1992, reprinted Tarragona: Intercultural Studies Group, 2010), 159–180; Andrew Chesterman, Memes of Translation. The Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2000), 180–183; Kristiina Abdallah and Kaisa Koskinen, ‘Managing Trust: Translating and the Network Economy’, Meta 52 (2007): 673–687; Anthony Pym, On Translator Ethics. 146–147, and ‘Translating as Risk Management’, Journal of Pragmatics 85 (2015): 67–80.
- 18.
Chesterman, Memes of Translation, 182.
- 19.
Christopher Rundle, ‘Translation as an Approach to History’, Translation Studies 5 (2012): 232–240; Outi Paloposki, ‘Translation History: Audiences, Collaboration and Interdisciplinarity’, MonTI 5 (2013): 213–239, at 213.
- 20.
Pym, Method in Translation History, vii.
- 21.
Recent histories of intercultural go-betweens include Alida C. Metcalf, Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2005); Karttunen, Between Worlds; Renaissance Go-betweens. Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe, ed. Andres Höfele and Werner von Koppenfels (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2005); Translators, Interpreters; Roland, Interpreters as Diplomats; Valdeón, Translation and the Spanish Empire; and Rothman, Brokering Empire. On Malinche see most recently María Laura Spoturno, ‘Revisiting Malinche: A Study of Her Role as an Interpreter’, in Translators, Interpreters, 121–135.
- 22.
We recognise political scientist Boaventura de Sousa Santos’s understanding of translation as a process of cultural or political mediation between cultures. Sousa also suggests that the intercultural translator is a mediator between different languages, cultures, and ideologies who can enact, through translation, change, decolonisation, and dialogue. See Epistemologies of the South: Justice Against Epistemicide (London: Routledge, 2015), chapter 8, especially page 214. Santos’ concept is close to Tzvetan Todorov’s conception of cross-cultural dialogue. One example of ‘intercultural translators’ offered by Sousa is Mahatma Gandhi: see Boaventura De Sousa Santos, The End of the Cognitive Empire: The Coming of Age of Epistemologies of the South (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018), 216–219. For the purposes of this volume, however, we have a more restrictive definition of translation in mind: it is textual mediation (whether written, spoken, or graphic).
- 23.
The Sociology of Georg Simmel, trans. and ed. Kurt H. Wolff (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1950), 162. On Simmel’s essay on the third party see Metcalf, Go-betweens and the Colonization, 20.
- 24.
Anthony Pym, ‘Complaint Concerning the Lack of History’; Lieven D’hulst, ‘Pour une historiographie des théories de la traduction: questions de méthode’, TTR 8 (1995): 13–33; Pym, Method in Translation History; and Sergia Adamo, ‘Microhistory of Translation’, in Charting the Future, 81–100.
- 25.
Jean Delisle, ‘Réflexions sur l’historiographie de la traduction et ses exigences scientifiques’, Équivalences 26 and 27 (1997–1998): 21–43.
- 26.
Burke and Po-chia Hsia, Cultural Translation, 3.
- 27.
Hayden White, ‘The Problem of Change in Literary History’, New Literary History 7 (1975): 97–111.
- 28.
Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann, ‘Beyond Comparison: Histoire Croisée and the Challenge of Reflexivity’, History and Theory 45 (2006): 30–50.
- 29.
Madeleine Akrich, Michel Callon, and Bruno Latour, Sociologie de la traduction. Textes fondateurs (Paris: Presses de l’École des Mines, 2006).
- 30.
Michel Callon and Bruno Latour, ‘Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: How Actors Macro-structure Reality, and How Sociologists Help Them to Do So’, in Advances in Social Theory and Methodology. Toward an Integration of Micro and Macro Sociologies, ed. Karin D. Knorr and Aaron Cicourel (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2006), 277–303, at 279.
- 31.
See Myth, Truth, and Narrative in Herodotus, ed. Emily Baragwanath and Mathieu de Bakker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 2–3.
- 32.
See Aristotle, Poetics, IX, 141b, 1–4: ‘The difference between the historian (ἱστορικὸς) and the poet is not that between using verse or prose; Herodotus’ work could be versified and would be just as much a kind of history in verse as in prose. No, the difference is this: that the one relates actual events, the other the kinds of things that might occur. Consequently, poetry is more philosophical and more elevated than history’ (Loeb Classical library 1999, translation by Stephen Halliwell). See Alexandra Lianeri, ‘Translation and the Language(s) of Historiography. Understanding Ancient Greek and Chinese Ideas of History’, in Translating Others, 1, 67–86, at 69–70.
- 33.
Lianeri, ‘Translation’, 72. See also Esther Sunkyung Klein, Reading Sima Qian from Han to Song. The Father of History in Pre-modern China (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), 3–14.
- 34.
Grant Hardy, Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo. Sima Qian’s Conquest of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
- 35.
Hanmo Zhang, Authorship and Text-Making in Early China (Amsterdam: De Gruyter, 2018), 241–305, especially page 247. Zhang attributes the letter to Ren An not to Siam Qian but to Yan Yung, a contemporary official of the emperor.
- 36.
Lianeri, ‘Translation’ and Sunkyung Klein, Reading Sima.
- 37.
On early modern reception of ancient Greek historiography see Gary Ianziti, Writing History in Renaissance Italy: Leonardo Bruni and the Uses of the Past (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
- 38.
Lianeri, ‘Translation’, 75.
- 39.
George Steiner, After Babel. Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, 1st ed. 1975), 312. On Steiner and trust see Chesterman, Memes of Translation, 180–181.
- 40.
Charles Tilly, Trust and Rule (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 26.
- 41.
Chesterman, Memes of Translation, 18 (cf. also 68–69, and 180–181), with reference to Christiane Nord, Text Analysis in Translation (Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1991).
- 42.
Pym, Translation and Text Transfer, 173.
- 43.
Sallust, trans. J. C. Rolfe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), 109, 4: ‘Sulla a Boccho occulte adcersitur; ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhibentur, praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus’ (‘Sulla was summoned secretly by Bocchus; both men brought to the meeting only trustworthy interpreters, besides Dabar as a go-between, an upright man to the liking of both of them’). The quote is from James T. Chlup, ‘Sallust’s Melian Dialogue: Sulla and Bocchus in the “Bellum Iugurthinum”’, Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 8 (2013): 191–207, at 200.
- 44.
Taken from Glyn P. Norton, The Ideology and Language of Translation in Renaissance France and their Humanist Antecedents (Genève: Droz, 1984), 106.
- 45.
Niklas Luhmann, ‘Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives’, in Trust Making and Breaking. Cooperative Relations, ed. Diego Gambetta (New York: Blackwell, 1988), 94–108, at 95.
- 46.
‘Regimes’ are used with very different meanings. See below and Chap. 2 for our use of this term.
- 47.
On functional understandings of trust see Luhmann, ‘Familiarity, Confidence, Trust’ and Russell Hardin, Trust and Trustworthiness (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002). On translation as cost-saving measure for its clients see Anthony Pym, On Translator Ethics, 146–147 and Ibid., ‘Translating as Risk Management’.
- 48.
Annette C. Baier, Moral Prejudices. Essays on Ethics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 126.
- 49.
Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society, trans. Charles P. Loomis (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1988, 1st ed. German 1887, 1st ed. English 1957).
- 50.
On risk society and the erosion of trust see The Politics of Risk Society, ed. Jane Franklin (Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 1998), Passim.
- 51.
Geoffrey Hosking, Trust: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 46–49.
- 52.
A translator scammer directory is available online to alert and assist translators and agencies: http://www.translator-scammers.com/translator-scammers-directory.htm.
- 53.
See the special issue of Language Problems and Language Planning on mediation strategies 42(3) (2018), especially pages 288–307 and 344–364. See also Rosalind Edwards, Claire Alexander, and Bogusia Temple, ‘Interpreting Trust: Abstract and Personal Trust for People Who Need Interpreters to Access Services’, Sociological Research Online 11 (2006).
- 54.
Naoki Sakai, Translation and Subjectivity. On Japan and Cultural Nationalism (Minnesota and London: Minnesota University Press, 1997), 21.
- 55.
See Sakai, Translation and Subjectivity, 76 and Pym, Method in Translation History, 130–131.
- 56.
Peter Burke, ‘The Circulation of Historical and Political Knowledge between Britain and the Netherlands (1600–1800)’, in Translating Knowledge in the Early Modern Low Countries, ed. Harold John Cook and Sven Dupré (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2012), 41–52, at 41. See also Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe, ed. Peter Burke and R. Po-Chia Hsia (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 11.
- 57.
We come back to this example in Chap. 2. The point here is that trust also works with a series of conventions and expectations. In the words of Barbara Misztal, it is trust habitus: ‘habit and its social forms—that is, custom and tradition’ (Barbara A. Misztal, Trust in Modern Societies. The Search for the Bases of Social Order (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1996), 102).
- 58.
On twenty-first century translation networks see Abdallah and Koskinen, ‘Managing Trust: Translating and the Network Economy’, and the other articles in this special issue of Meta. See especially, in the same issue, a general introduction to network types and how they fit into translation studies by Deborah Folaron and Hélène Buzelin, ‘Introduction: Connecting Translation and Network Studies’, Meta: Journal des traducteurs 52 (2007): 605–642. We come back to the discussion of networks in Chap. 2.
- 59.
Hosking, Trust: A History, 45.
- 60.
Tilly, Trust and Rule, 12.
- 61.
Michael William Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with Tudor England. A Cultural Politics of Translation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) and Andrea Rizzi, ‘English News in Translation: The “Comentario del Successo dell’Armata Spagnola” by Petruccio Ubaldini and its English Version’, Spunti e Ricerche 22 (2007): 89–102.
- 62.
Pym, On Translator Ethics, 71–73.
- 63.
Susan Miller, Trust in Texts: A Different History of Rhetoric (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008).
- 64.
Historia Naturale di C. Plinio Secondo di Latino in volgare tradotta per Christophoro Landino, et nuovamente in molti luoghi, dove quella mancava, supplito, et da infiniti errori emendata, et con somma diligenza corretta per Antonio Brucioli (Venice: Giolito, 1543), ii [USTC 849933]. Andrea Rizzi’s translation. See Andrea Rizzi, ‘Editing and Translating Pliny in Renaissance Italy: Agency, Collaboration and Visibility’, Renaessanceforum 14 (2018): 117–138.
- 65.
Historia Naturale di C. Plinio, 1543, title page. Rizzi’s translation.
- 66.
On Iran see Esmaeil Haddadian-Moghaddam, Literary Translation in Modern Iran. A Sociological Study (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2015). On India see Shibani Phukan, ‘Towards an Indian Theory of Translation’ in Wasafiri 27 (2003): 27–30.
- 67.
An assessment of signalling mechanisms in the European Union is offered by Anthony Pym, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy L. J. Chan, The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union (Luxembourg: European Commission, 2012).
- 68.
We follow here Michel de Certau’s definition of belief in his ‘Une pratique sociale de la difference: croire’, in Faire croire: modalités de la diffusion et de la reception des messages religieux du XIIe au XVe siècle (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1981), 364–364, 373–375.
- 69.
Lianeri, ‘Translation and the Language(s) of Historiography’, 83.
- 70.
Norton, The Ideology and Language of Translation, 66.
- 71.
Ian Forrest, Trustworthy Men. How Inequality and Faith Made the Medieval Church (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2018). We are grateful to Oren Margolis for alerting us to this work.
- 72.
Forrest, Trustworthy Men, 100.
- 73.
See Jamie Goodrich, Faithful Translators. Authorship, Gender, and Religion in Early Modern England (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2014).
- 74.
Forrest, Trustworthy Men, 221.
- 75.
See Cheung, An Anthology of Chinese Discourse, 69.
- 76.
Cheung, An Anthology of Chinese Discourse, 69.
- 77.
Cheung, An Anthology of Chinese Discourse, 41.
- 78.
On visibility and trust see the succinct discussion by Chesterman, Memes of Translation, 182.
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Rizzi, A., Lang, B., Pym, A. (2019). Introduction: Towards a New Translation History. In: What is Translation History?. Translation History. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20099-2_1
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