Abstract
By means of what we call reverse social engineering, one starts out with a vision of human life that actually satisfies true human needs and then, from the bottom-up, designs social institutions whose structure and dynamics promote the satisfaction of such needs. We propose that the best way to design a constructive, enabling institution is to reverse engineer it from the concept of enactive-transformative learning. Building on the work of Jack Mezirow and other transformative learning theorists, we argue that enactivism and the essential embodiment thesis jointly offer a new way to conceptualize the intended effects of such learning. From a phenomenological perspective, personal transformation can be understood as affective reframing; and from a neurobiological perspective, the development of new mental habits can be understood as the reconfiguration of highly integrated patterns of bodily engagement and response. This framework allows us to see enactive-transformative learning as a deep form of cognitive-affective change, one which alters students’ essentially embodied existential orientation. Moreover, an examination of transformative learning provides us with a general model for how to scaffold imaginative problem-solving, collective wisdom, and the development of flexible mental habits. Examples of strategies that afford affective reframing and emancipatory self-transformation include learning-centered pedagogy, activist pedagogy, and expressive arts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
See Mezirow (2009) for a survey of different approaches to transformative learning.
References
Barandiaran, Xabier, Ezequiel Di Paolo, and Marieke Rohde. 2009. Defining agency: Individuality, asymmetry, and spatio-temporality in action. Adaptive Behavior Journal 17 (5): 1–13.
Bartky, Sandra. 1996. Sympathy and solidarity: On a tightrope with scheler. In Feminists rethink the self, ed. Diana Meyers, 177–191. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Baumgartner, Lisa. 2001. An update on transformational learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 89: 15–24.
Bennett-Goleman, Tara. 2001. Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Brancazio, Nick. 2018. Gender and the senses of agency. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-018-9581-z.
Bruner, Jerome. 2009. Culture, mind, and education. In Contemporary theories of learning: Learning theorists—In their own words, ed. K. Illeris, 159–168. London: Routledge.
Buhrmann, Thomas, and Ezequiel Di Paolo. 2015. The sense of agency—A phenomenological consequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 16: 207–236.
Burkitt, Ian. 2002. Technologies of the self: Habitus and capacities. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 32 (2): 219–237.
Carden, Stephen. 2006. Virtue ethics: Dewey and Macintyre. New York, NY: Continuum.
Carse, Alisa. 2005. The moral contours of empathy. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 8: 169–195.
Clark, Andy. 2008. Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, M. Carolyn, and Arthur Wilson. 1991. Context and rationality in Mezirow’s theory of transformational learning. Adult Education Quarterly 41: 75–91.
Cody, Tracey-Lynne. 2015. Transformative classroom drama practice: What is happening in New Zealand schools? p-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e 2 (1–2). http://www.p-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e.org/?p=2513.
Cohen, Carl. 2008. Working towards a liberatory psychiatry: Radicalizing the science of human psychology and behavior. In Liberatory psychiatry: Philosophy, politics, and mental health, ed. C.I. Cohen and S. Timimi, 9–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colombetti, Giovanna. 2007. Enactive appraisal. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 6: 527–546.
———. 2014. The feeling body: Affective science meets the enactive mind. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Colombetti, Giovanna, and Joel Krueger. 2015. Scaffoldings of the affective mind. Philosophical Psychology 28: 1157–1176.
Concepción, David, and Julie Elfin. 2009. Enabling change: Transformative and transgressive learning in feminist ethics and epistemology. Teaching Philosophy 32 (2): 177–198.
Cuffari, Elena. 2011. Habits of transformation. Hypatia 26 (3): 535–553.
DeLanda, Manuel. 1991. War in the age of intelligent machines. New York: Zone Books.
———. 2002. Intensive science and virtual philosophy. London: Continuum.
———. 2006. A new philosophy of society: Assemblage theory and social complexity. London: Continuum.
Deleuze, Giles. 1968. Difference and repetition. New York, NY: Colombia University Press.
Dewey, John. 1916. Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. New York: The Macmillan Company.
———. 1922. Human nature and conduct: An introduction to social psychology. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Dirkx, John. 2001. The power of feelings: Emotion, imagination, and the construction of meaning in adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 89 (2001): 63–72.
Dirkx, John, and Jack Mezirow. 2006. Musings and reflections on the meaning, context, and process of transformative learning: A dialogue between John M. Dirkx and Jack Mezirow. Journal of Transformative Education 4: 123–139.
Dreyfus, Hubert. 2007. Why Heideggerian AI failed and how fixing it would require making it more Heideggerian. Philosophical Psychology 20: 247–268.
Fleming, Ted. 2012. Fromm and Habermas: Allies for adult education and democracy. Studies in Philosophy and Education 31 (2): 123–136.
Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline & punish: The birth of the prison. 2nd ed. New York: Vintage.
Freeman, Walter J. 1991. The physiology of perception. Scientific American 264: 78–85.
———. 2000. How brains make up their minds. New York: Columbia University Press.
Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the oppressed. Trans. M.B. Ramos. New York: Seabury Press.
Goldie, Peter. 2004. Emotion, feeling, and knowledge of the world. In Thinking about feeling: Contemporary philosophers on emotions, ed. R. Solomon, 91–106. New York: Oxford University Press.
Greenwood, Janinka. 2012. Strategic artistry: Using drama processes to develop critical literacy and democratic citizenship. Asia-Pacific Journal for Arts Education 11 (5): 104–125.
Hanna, Robert, and Michelle Maiese. 2009. Embodied minds in action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hanna, Robert. 2015. Cognition, content, and the a priori: A study in the philosophy of mind and knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2018b. The rational human condition. Vol. 2—Deep freedom and real persons: A study in metaphysics. New York: Nova Science.
———. 2018c. The rational human condition. Vol. 3—Kantian ethics and human existence: A study in moral philosophy. New York: Nova Science.
———. 2018d. The rational human condition. Vol. 4—Kant, agnosticism, and anarchism: A theological-political treatise. New York: Nova Science.
Haslanger, Sally. 2007. ‘But mom: Crop-tops are cute!’ Social knowledge, social structure, and ideology critique. Philosophical Issues 17: 70–91.
———. 2012. Resisting reality: Social construction and social critique. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2015. Racial ideology, racist practices, and social critique. Paper presented at the Workshop on Gender and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Heidegger, Martin. 1962. Being and time. Trans. J. Macquarrie, and E. Robinson. New York: Harper & Row.
Higgins, Joe. 2017. Biosocial selfhood: Overcoming the ‘body-social problem’ within the individuation of the human self. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 16: 1–22.
Hill, Lillian. 2001. The brain and consciousness: Sources of information for understanding adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 89: 73–81.
Jacobs, Kerrin, Achim Stephan, Asena Paskaleva-Yankova, and Wendy Wilutsky. 2014. Existential and atmospheric feelings in depressive comportment. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 21 (2): 89–110.
Janik, Daniel. 2007. What every language teacher should know about the brain and how it affects teaching. Wikipedia 2007 Conference on Foreign Language Pedagogy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Jones, Karen. 2004. Emotional rationality as practical rationality. In Setting the moral compass: Essays by women philosophers, ed. C. Calhoun. Oxford University Press.
———. 2006. Metaethics and emotions research: A response to prinz. Philosophical Explorations 9: 45–53.
Juarrero, Alicia. 1999. Dynamics in action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kegan, Robert. 2000. What “form” transforms: A constructive-developmental perspective on transformational learning. In Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress, ed. J. Mezirow et al. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kelso, J.A.S. 1995. Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Kennedy, Nadia. 2012. Math habitus, the structuring of mathematical classroom practices, and possibilities for transformation. Childhood & Philosophy 8 (16): 421–441.
Kiverstein, Julian, and Andy Clark. 2009. Introduction: Mind embodied, embedded, enacted: One church or many? Topoi 28: 1–7.
Koch, Sabine, and Diana Fischman. 2011. Embodied enactive dance/movement therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy 33: 57–72.
Krueger, Joel. 2011. Extended cognition and the space of social interaction. Consciousness and Cognition 20 (3): 643–657.
———. 2014. Affordances and the musically extended mind. Frontiers in Psychology 4: 1–13.
Kuhn, Thomas. 1970. The structure of scientific revolutions. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
LeBaron, Michelle. 2002. Bridging troubled waters: Conflict resolution from the heart. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Long, William, and Peter Brecke. 2003. War and reconciliation: Reason and emotion in conflict resolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Maiese, Michelle. 2007. Engaging the emotions in conflict intervention. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 24: 187–195.
———. 2011. Embodiment, emotions, and cognition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2015. Embodied selves and divided minds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2017. Transformative learning, enactivism, and affectivity. Studies in Philosophy and Education 36 (2): 197–216.
McWhorter, Ladelle. 1999. Bodies and pleasures: Foucault and the politics of sexual normalization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders. 2018. Forced from home. Related material online at https://www.forcedfromhome.com/.
Mezirow, Jack. 1990. How critical reflection triggers transformative learning. In Fostering critical reflection in adulthood: A guide to transformative and emancipatory learning, ed. J. Mezirow et al., 1–20. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
———. 1995. Transformation theory of adult learning. In In defense of the lifeworld, ed. M.R. Welton, 39–70. New York: State University of New York Press.
———. 1996. Contemporary paradigms of learning. Adult Education Quarterly 46: 158–172.
———. 1997. Transformative learning: Theory to practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 1997: 5–12.
———. 2009. Overview of transformative learning theory. In Contemporary theories of learning: Learning theorists… in their own words, ed. K. Illeris, 90–105. New York: Routledge.
Mezirow, Jack, et al., eds. 2000. Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Ngo, Helen. 2016. Racist habits: A phenomenological analysis of racism and the habitual body. Philosophy and Social Criticism 42 (9): 847–872.
O’Sullivan, Edmund, Amish Morrell, and Mary Anne O’Connor, eds. 2002. Editors’ introduction. In Expanding the boundaries of transformative learning: Essays on theory and praxis. New York: Palgrave Press.
Pallaro, Patrizia, and Angela Fischlein-Rupp. 2002. Dance/movement in a psychiatric rehabilitative day treatment setting. The USA Body Psychotherapy Journal 1: 29–51.
Pedwell, Carolyn. 2012. Affective (self-) transformations: Empathy, neoliberalism, and international development. Feminist Theory 13 (2): 163–179.
Preston, Susan, and Jordan Aslett. 2014. Resisting neoliberalism from within the academy: Subversion through an activist pedagogy. Social Work Education 33 (4): 502–518.
Protevi, John. 2009. Political affect: Connecting the social and the somatic. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Purvis, Trevor, and Alan Hunt. 1993. Discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology…. The British Journal of Sociology 44 (3): 473–499.
Ramstead, Maxwell, Samuel Veissiere, and Laurence Kirmayer. 2016. Cultural affordances: Scaffolding local worlds through shared intentionality and regimes of attention. Frontiers in Psychology 7: 1090.
Ratcliffe, Matthew. 2005. William James on emotion and intentionality. International Journal of Philosophical Studies 13 (2): 179–202.
———. 2008. Feelings of being: Phenomenology, psychiatry, and the sense of reality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ratcliffe, M. 2013. Why mood matters. In The Cambridge companion to Heidegger’s being and time, ed. M. Wrathall, 157–176. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rietveld, Erik, and Julian Kiverstein. 2014. A rich landscape of affordances. Ecological Psychology 26: 325–352.
Ruth, Sheila. 1973. A serious look at consciousness-raising. Social Theory and Practice 2: 289–300.
Schutz, Alfred. 1976. Making music together: A study in social relationship. In Collected papers II, ed. A. Schutz, 159–178. Dordrecht: Springer.
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing like a state. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Shapiro, Lawrence. 2010. Embodied cognition. New York: Routledge.
Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine. 2010. Why is movement therapeutic? American Journal of Dance Therapy 32: 2–15.
Shelby, Tommie. 2003. Ideology, racism, and critical social theory. The Philosophical Forum 34: 153–188.
———. 2014. Racism, moralism, and social criticism. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 11 (1): 57–74.
Slaby, Jan. 2016. Relational affect. https://www.academia.edu/25728787/Relational_Affect.
Svenaeus, Fredrik. 2007. Do antidepressants affect the self? A phenomenological approach. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10 (2): 153–166.
Taylor, Edward. 1997. Building upon the theoretical debate: A critical review of the empirical studies of Mezirow’s transformative learning theory. Adult Education Quarterly 48: 32–57.
———. 2008. Transformative learning theory. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 119: 5–15.
Thomas, Philip, and Patrick Bracken. 2008. Power, freedom, and mental health: A post-psychiatry perspective. In Liberatory psychiatry: Philosophy, politics, and mental health, ed. C.I. Cohen and S. Timimi, 35–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, Evan. 2007. Mind in life: Biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of the mind. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press.
Yorks, Lyle, and Elizabeth Kasl. 2002. Toward a theory and practice for whole-person learning: Reconceptualizing experience and the role of affect. Adult Education Quarterly 52: 176–192.
———. 2006. I know more than I can say: A taxonomy for using expressive ways of knowing to foster transformative learning. Journal of Transformative Education 4: 43–64.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maiese, M., Hanna, R. (2019). How to Design a Constructive, Enabling Institution. In: The Mind-Body Politic. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19546-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19546-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-19545-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-19546-5
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)