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Exercise and the Mitochondria

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases

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Abstract

Mitochondrial function have over the years been recognized as an important factor involved in health, disease, longevity and age-related disease progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relationship between exercise and the mitochondria and their role in the prevention, treatment, and risk assessment for cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity and mitochondrial function influence the whole body and have been proven to be important in cardiovascular health. The exact molecular mechanism(s) by which exercise and physical activity impact mitochondria function are an ongoing and increasing field of research. In this chapter, we will also discuss the basic functions and morphology of the mitochondria, with special reference to the heart and skeletal muscle tissue, and how it is affected by physical activity. Mitochondrial aspects such as disorders, dysfunction, replication, transcription, biogenesis, epigenetics, and mitochondrial therapeutics are also reviewed.

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Abbreviations

AMPK:

AMP-dependent protein kinase

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CaMK:

Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

CFCM:

Cross-fiber connection mitochondria

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

D-loop:

Displacement loop

ERR:

Estrogen-related receptors

ETC:

Electron transport chain

FPM:

Fiber parallel mitochondria

HIF-1:

Hypoxia inducible factor

HIIT:

High-intensity interval training

HS1/HS2:

Heavy strand 1/heavy strand 2

IBM:

I-band mitochondria

IFM:

Intrafibrillar mitochondria

IMJs:

Intermitochondrial junctions

IMS:

Intermembrane space

LKB1:

Liver kinase B1

MDP’s:

Mitochondria-derived peptides

MOTS-c:

Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial DNA

MTERFs:

Mitochondrial transcription termination factors

mtSSB:

Mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein

NRF-1:

Nuclear respiratory factor 1

NUMTs:

Nuclear genome insertions of mitochondrial origin

OH:

Origin of heavy-strand replication, a.k.a OriH

OL:

Origin of light-strand replication site

OXPHOS:

Oxidative phosphorylation system

p53:

Tumor protein p53

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α

Pim-1:

The regulation protein serine/threonine protein kinases Pim-a

PNM:

Paranuclear mitochondria

POLG:

Polymerase γ

POLRMT:

Mitochondrial RNA polymerase

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PVM:

Paravascular mitochondria

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SIRT:

Sirtuins

T2D:

Type II diabetes

TCA:

Citrate acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle

TFAM:

Mitochondrial transcription factor A

TFB1M/TFB2M:

Mitochondrial transcription factor B1/mitochondrial transcription factor B2

TIM:

Translocase of the inner membrane

TOM:

Translocase of the outer membrane

VO2 peak:

Peak maximal oxygen consumption

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden

    Eva-Karin Gidlund

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  1. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Rutgers University Department of Kinesiology and Health, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA

    Peter Kokkinos

  2. Clinical Research Institute of Northern Virginia, Burke, VA, USA

    Puneet Narayan

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Gidlund, EK. (2019). Exercise and the Mitochondria. In: Kokkinos, P., Narayan, P. (eds) Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04816-7_3

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