Skip to main content

Whiteness: The Relationship Between the Market and Blackness

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Black Scholarly Activism between the Academy and Grassroots
  • 887 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, Ornette D. Clennon uncovers the invisibility of whiteness in urban popular music, especially in the UK export of Grime. Clennon also demonstrates how the focused use of Liberation Psychology and a creative application of Freirean critical pedagogy can enable the subject to treat their personal histories as sites of liberation once they understand how the popular culture they consume can act as tools of oppression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Works Cited

  • Adorno, T. (1991). The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, F. (2001). Modern Traditions? British Muslim Women and Academic Achievement. Gender and Education, 13(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250120051169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, N. (2006). Whiteness. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, LXXV(1), 45–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, K. (2013). Resisting Racism: Race, Inequality and the Black Supplementary School Movement. London: Institute of Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudrillard, J. (1972). For a Crtique of the Political Economy of the Sign. St. Louis, MO: Telos Press Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudrillard, J. (1981). Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbor: University Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudrillard, J. (1985). The Ecstasy of Communication. In H. Foster (Ed.), The Anti-Aesthetic (J. Johnson, Trans., pp. 126–134). Port Townsend, WA: Bay Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudrillard, J. (1998 [1970]). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, W. (1999). The Arcades Project (R. Tiedemann, Ed., H. Eiland & K. McLaughlin, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentham, J. (1787). Panopticon: Or the Inspection-House. Dublin: Thomas Byrne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyoncé. (2016). On Lemonade. New York: B. Knowles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolhuis, S., & Kluvers, C. (2000). Procesgericht onderwijs’/’Process-Directed Education. In B. M. Creemers (Ed.), Onderwijskundig lexicon, Editie 3: De context van het onderwijs [Educational Lexicon, Edition 3: The Context of Education] (pp. 87–110). Alphen aan de Rijn: Samson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1997). The Psychic Life of Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clennon, O. D. (2013). How Effective Are Music Interventions in the Criminal Youth Justice Sector? Community Music Making and Its Potential for Community and Social Transformation: A Pilot Study. Journal of Music Technology Education, 6(1), 103–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clennon, O. D. (2015a). Holdin’ On: A Case Study into Performing Masculinities at a Young Offenders’ Institution. In T. Afuape & G. Hughes (Eds.), Towards Emotional Well-Being Through Liberation Practices: A Dialogical Approach (pp. 51–63). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clennon, O. D. (2015b). Urban Dialectics, the Market and Youth Engagement: The ‘Black’ Face of Eurocentrism. New York: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clennon, O. D. (2016). The Black Face of Eurocentrism: Uncovering Globalisation. In O. D. Clennon (Ed.), International Perspectives of Multiculturalism: The Ethical Challenges (pp. 91–128). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clennon, O. D., Bradley, E., Afuape, T., & Horgan, A. (2015). Keeping It Real”: Liberation Through Creativity and Resistance. In T. Afuape & G. Hughes (Eds.), Towards Emotional Well-Being Through Liberation Practices: A Dialogical Approach (pp. 103–113). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2006). New Commodities, New Consumers: Selling Blackness in a Global Marketplace. Ethnicities, 6(3), 297–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender & Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coughlan, S. (2013, July 23). Black Teens More Likely Than Whites to Apply to University. Retrieved July 26, 2013, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-23405792.

  • De Angelis, M. (2001, May). Global Capital, Abstract Labour, and the Fractal Panopticon. Retrieved August 4, 2015, from The Commoner; Number 1. http://www.commoner.org.uk/fractalpanopt.pdf.

  • Epps, G. (1970, November 19). Huey Newton Speaks at Boston College, Presents Theory of ‘Intercommunalism’. The Harvard Crimson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1963 [1961]). The Wretched of the Earth (C. Farrington, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1986 [1952]). Black Skin, White Masks (C. L. Markmann, Trans.). London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (1973). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Seabury Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, R. (1994). Culture Versus Commerce: The Marketing of Black Popular Music. Public Culture, 7(1), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-7-1-275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garvey, M. (1938, July). The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers (R. A. Hill & B. Bair, Eds.). Black Man Magazine, 3(10), 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, D., & Göransson, L. (2018). This Is America [Recorded by Childish Gambino]. New York: mcDJ RCA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, D. (2006). Turning Modes of Production Inside Out: Or, Why Capitalism Is a Transformation of Slavery. Critique of Anthropology, 26(1), 61–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gubar, S. (1997). Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1986). On Postmodernism and Articulation: An Interview with Stuart Hall (L. Grossberg, Ed.). Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10(2), 45–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1996). New Ethnicities. In D. Morley & K.-H. Chen (Eds.), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (pp. 441–449). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (Ed.). (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halsey, K., Ashworth, M., & Harland, J. (2002). Made for Prisoners: A Summary of NFER’s Evaluation of the Safe Ground Family Relationships and Parenting Programme. Slough, UK: National Foundation for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayek, F. (1976). The Market-Order or Catallaxy. In F. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty (Vol. 2, pp. 107–132). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebdige, D. (1979). Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • HMPYOI Werrington. (2007). Werrington Album. [mp3]. Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire: Make Some Noise. Available at http://youtu.be/EmZ57b8EI9Q and http://youtu.be/PI4fPL_69HE.

  • Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760–2010. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hook, D. (2005). A Critical Psychology of the Postcolonial. Theory & Psychology, 15(4), 475–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooks, B. (2004). We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, P. (1994). Black Male: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Masculinity. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 1(1), 49–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, C. (2011). Violence, Visual Culture, and the Black Male Body. New York and Oxford: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, O. (2011). Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaswarmy, R. (2002). The Criticism of Culture and the Culture of Criticism at the Intersection of Postcolonialism and Globalisation Theory. Diacritics, 32(2), 106–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kvifte, T. (2001). Hunting for the Gold at the End of the Rainbow: Identity and Global Romanticism on the Roots of Ethnic Music. Retrieved July 26, 2013, from Popular Musicology Online. http://www.popular-musicology-online.com/issues/04/kvifte.html.

  • Lacan, J. (1979 [1973]). The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis 1964–1965. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacan, J. (1998 [1975]). The Seminar of Jaques Lacan, Book XX: Encore, on Feminine Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge 1972–1973 (A. J. Miller, Ed., B. Fink, Trans.). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (W. Cammack & P. Moore, Trans.). London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewandowski, J. D. (2005). Street Culture: The Dialectic of Urbanism in Walter Benjamin’s Passagen-Werk. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 31(3), 293–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorde, A. (2015). The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House. In C. Moraga & G. Anzaldúa (Eds.), This Bridge Called My Back, Fourth Edition: Writings by Radical Women of Color (pp. 94–97). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marley, B. (1980). Redemption Song [Recorded by T. Bob Marley]. On Uprising [CD]. Island/Tuff Gong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Baró, I. (1994). Writings for a Liberation Psychology. New York: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (1963). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon. New York: International Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mignolo, W. (2002). The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Difference. South Atlantic Quarterly, 101(1), 57–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mignolo, W. D., & Escobar, A. (Eds.). (2010). Globalization and the Decolonial Option. Oxford: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, T. (1993). Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, C. (1994). Gender Theory and Prison Sociology: Using Theories of Masculinities to Interpret the Sociology of Prisons for Men. The Howard Journal, 33(3), 193–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmer, C. A. (1996). Rethinking American Slavery. In A. Jalloh & S. E. Maizlish (Eds.), The African Diaspora (pp. 73–99). Arlington: Texas A&M University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, E. (2007 [1968], November 6). The Rivers of Blood Speech. Retrieved July 23, 2013, from The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3643823/Enoch-Powells-Rivers-of-Blood-speech.html.

  • Remy, J. (1990). Patriarchy and Fratriarchy as Forms of Androcracy. In J. Hearn & D. Morgan (Eds.), Men, Masculinities and Social Theory (pp. 43–53). London: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, E. T., Maldonado, J., & Alarcon, L. (2013). From Vygotsky to Martín Baró: Dealing with Language and Liberation During the Supervision Process. Universal Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadler, J. (2005). Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, L. (1990). Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men. London: Virago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stratton, J. (2010). Chris Blackwell and “My Boy Lollipop”: Ska, Race, and British Popular Music. Journal of Popular Music Studies, 22(4), 436–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-1598.2010.01254.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Avenues Youth Project. (2014). Welcome to Avenues Youth Project. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from The Avenues Youth Project. http://www.avenues.org.uk/.

  • Thrasher, S. W. (2016). Super Slaves: Breeding and Controlling the Modern Black American Male Through Sports. Radical History Review, 2016(125), 168–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twain, M. (1884). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, I. (1997). Eurocentrism and Its Avatars: The Dilemmas of Social Science. New Left Review, 226, 93–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, I. (2003). Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization (11th ed.). London and New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youdell, D. (2003). Identity Traps or How Black Students Fail: The Interactions Between Biographical, Sub-cultural, and Learner Identities. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690301912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Clennon, O.D. (2018). Whiteness: The Relationship Between the Market and Blackness. In: Black Scholarly Activism between the Academy and Grassroots. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00837-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00837-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00836-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00837-6

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics