Skip to main content

Tourette’s Syndrome

  • Chapter
Psychiatry for Neurologists

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

Abstract

The text revision Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatry, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR) lists the following diagnostic criteria for Tourette’s syndrome (TS) (1):

  1. 1.

    Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently.

  2. 2.

    The tics occur many times a day (usually in bouts) nearly every day or intermittently throughout a period of more than 1 year, and during this period there was never a tic-free period of more than 3 consecutive months.

  3. 3.

    The onset is before age 18 years.

  4. 4.

    The disturbance is not the result of the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., stimulants) or a general medical condition (e.g., Huntington’s disease or post-viral encephalitis).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatry, Fourth Edition, revised. Washington, DC: Amer Psychiatric Pub; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol 1993;50:1013–1016.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jankovic J, Stone L. Dystonic tics in patients with Tourette’s syndrome. Mov Disord 1991;6:248–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kurlan R, Lichter D, Hewitt D. Sensory tics in Tourette’s syndrome. Neurology 1989;39:731–734.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Scahill LD, Leckman JF, Marek KL. Sensory phenomena in Tourette’s syndrome. Adv Neurol 1995;65:273–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Tanner CM. Epidemiology. In: Kurlan R, ed. Handbook of Tourette’s Syndrome and Associated Tic and Behavioral Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kurlan R, Behr J, Medved L, Shoulson I, Pauls D, Kidd KK. Severity of Tourette’s syndrome in one large kindred: implication for determination of disease prevalence rate. Arch Neurol 1987;44:268–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Wikenheiser M, Fisher W. Prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome in North Dakota adults. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:787–788.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Wikenheiser M, Fisher W. A prevalence study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in North Dakota school-age children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1986;4:552–555.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Caine ED, McBride MC, Chiverton P, Bamford KA, Redress S, Shiao J. Tourette’s syndrome in Monroe County school children. Neurology 1988;38:472–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McMahon WM, Leppert M, Filloux F, van de Wetering BJ, Hasstedt S. Tourette symptoms in 161 related family members. Adv Neurol 1992;58:159–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mason A, Banerjee S, Eapen V, Zeitlin H, Robertson MM. The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in a mainstream school population. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:292–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kadesjoe B, Gilbert C. Tourette’s syndrome: epidemiology and comorbidity in primary school children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:548–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Singer HS, Butler IJ, Tune LE, Seifert WE Jr, Coyle JT. Dopaminergic dysfunction in Tourette’s syndrome. Ann Neurol 1982;12:361–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Klawans HL, Falk DK, Nausieda PA, Weiner WJ. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Neurology 1978;28:1064–1068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gilbert DL, Sethuraman G, Sine L, Peters S, Sallee FR. Tourette’s syndrome improvement with pergolide in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Neurology 2000;54:1310–1315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Black KJ, Mink JW. Response to levodopa challenge in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 2000;15:1194–1198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kurlan R, The Tourette Syndrome Study Group. Treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with Tourette’s syndrome (TACT Trial). Ann Neurol 2000;48:953.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Haber SN, Kowall NW, Vonsattel JP, Bird ED, Richardson EP Jr. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: a postmortem neuropathological and immunohistochemical study. J Neurol Sci 1986;75:225–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gilman MA, Sandyk R. The endogenous opioid system in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a postmortem neuropathological and immunohistochemical study. Med Hypotheses 1986;19:371–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lichter D, Majumdar L, Kurlan R. Opiate withdrawal unmasks Tourette’s syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacology 1988;11:559–564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kurlan R, Majumdar L, Deeley C, Mudholkar GS, Plumb S, Como PG. A controlled trial of propoxyphene and naltrexone in Tourette’s syndrome. Ann Neurol 1991;30:19–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Singer HS, Hahn IH, Krowiak E, Nelson E, Moran T. Tourette’s syndrome: a neurochemical analysis of postmortem cortical brain tissue. Ann Neurol 1990;27:443–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kurlan R. The pathogenesis of Tourette’s syndrome: a possible role for hormonal and excitatory neurotransmitter influences in brain development. Arch Neurol 1992;49:874–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Peterson BS, Leckman JF, Scahill L, et al. Steroid hormones and CNS sexual dimorphisms modulate symptom expression in Tourette’s syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinolgoy 1993;17:553–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, et al. Reduced basal ganglia volume in Tourette’s syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology 1993;43:941–949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Singer HS, Reiss AL, Brown JE, et al. Volumetric MRI changes in basal granglia of children with Tourette’s syndrome. Neurology 1993;43:950–956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kurlan R, Behr J, Medved L, Como PG. Transient tic disorder and the clinical spectrum of Tourette’s syndrome. Arch Neurol 1988;45:1200–1201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kurlan R. What is the spectrum of Tourette’s syndrome? Curr Opinion Neurol Neurosurg 1988;1:294–298.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Pauls DL. The inheritance pattern. In: Kurlan R, ed. Handbook of Tourette’s Syndrome and Related Tic and Behavioral Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993:307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jankovic J. Tics in other neurologic disorders. In: Kurlan R, ed. Handbook of Tourette’s Syndrome and Related Tic and Behavioral Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993:167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sacks OW. Acquired tourettism in adult life. In: Friedhoff AJ, Chase TN, eds. Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome. New York: Raven Press; 1982:89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fahn S. A case of post-traumatic tic syndrome. In: Friedhoff AJ, Chase TN, eds. Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome. New York: Raven Press; 1982:349–350.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Pulst SM, Walshe TM, Romero JA. Carbon monoxide poisoning with features of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol 1983;40:443–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cardoso F, Eduardo C, Silva AP, Mota CC. Chorea in fifty consecutive patients with rheumatic fever. Mov Disord 1997;12:701–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:264–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Palumbo D, Maughan A, Kurlan R. Hypothesis III: Tourette’s syndrome is only one of several causes of a developmental basal ganglia syndrome. Arch Neurology 1997;54:475–483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Shapiro AK, Shapiro ES, Young JG, Feinberg TE. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, Second Edition. New York: Raven Press 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Erenberg G, Cruse RP, Rothner AD. The natural history of Tourette syndrome. A follow-up study. Ann Neurol 1987;22:383–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bruun RD. The natural history of Tourette’s syndrome. In: Cohen DJ, Bruun RD, Leckman J, eds. Tourette’s Syndrome and Tic Disorders: Clinical Understanding and Treatment. New York: John Wiley; 1988:21–39.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chappell PB, Riddle MA, Scahill L, et al. Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette’s syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1140–1146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jankovic J. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of tics associated with Tourette’s syndrome. Neurology 1993;43(Suppl 2):A310.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Itard, Jean MG. Memoire sur Quelques Fonctions Involontaires des Appareils de la Locomotion, de la Prehension et de la Vox. Arch Generales de Medicine 1825;8:385–407.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gilles de la Tourette G. Etude sur une Affectoin Nereuse Caracterisee par de I’Incoordination Motrice Accompagnee d’Echolalie et de Coprolalie. Archives de Neurologic 1885;9:19–42.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Robertson M. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain 2000;42:436–447.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Coffey B, Park K. Behavioral and emotional aspects of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin 1997;15:277–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition, revision. Washington, DC: Amer Psychiatric Pub; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Robertson M, Yakley J. Obsessive compulsive disorder and self-injurious behavior. In: Kurlan R, ed. Handbook of Tourette’s Syndrome and Related Tic and Behavioral Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993:45–87.

    Google Scholar 

  49. King R, Leckman J, Scahill L, Cohen D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. In: Leckman J, Cohen D, eds. Tourette’s Sydnrome: Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. New York: Wiley; 1999:44.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Rappoport J. The neurology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Med Assoc 1988;260:2888–2890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Leckman J, Grice D, Barr L, et al. Tic-related vs. non-tic related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety 1995;1:208–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Cath D, Spinhoven P, van de Wetering B, et al. The relationship between types and severity of repetitive behaviors in Gilles de la Tourette’s disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:505–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rosenblatt A, Leroi I. Neuropsychiatry of Huntington’s disease and other basal ganglia disorders. Psychosomatics 2000;41:24–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Schwartz J, Stoessel P, Baxter L, Martin K, Phelps M. Systemic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:109–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Fitzgerald K, MacMaster F, Paulson L, Rosenberg D. Neurobiology of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Clin N Am 1999;8:533–575.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Stein D. Neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:296–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Allen A, Leonard H, Swedo S. Case study: a new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;65:1428–1436.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kiessling L, Marotte A, Benson M, Kuhn C, Wrenn D. Relationship between GABHS and childhood movement disorders. Pediatr Res 1993;33:12A.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Swedo S, Leonard H, Garvey M, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:264–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Maina G, Albert U, Bogetto F, Vaschetto P, Ravizza L. Recent life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): the role of pregnancy/delivery. Psychiatry Res 1999;89:49–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Capstick N, Seldrug J. Obsessional states: a study in the relationship between abnormalities occurring at the time of birth and the subsequent development of obsessional symptoms. Acta Psych Scan 1977;56:427–431.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Crum R, Anthony J. Cocaine use and other suspected risk factors for obsessive compulsive disorder: a prospective study with data from the epidemiologic catchment area surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend 1993;31:281–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Miguel E, Baer L, Rauch S, et al. Repetitive motor behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome: phenomenological differences. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:140–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, Goodman W, Rasmussen S. Clinical predictors of treatment response in obsessivecompulsive disorder: exploratory analyses from multicenter trials of clomipramine. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26:54–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Carpenter Leckman J, Scahill L, McDougle C. Pharmacological and other somatic approaches to treatment. In: Leckman J, Cohen D, eds. Tourette’s Syndrome: Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. New York: Wiley; 1999, 383–384.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Greist J, Jefferson J, Kobak K, Katzelnick D, Serlin R. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessivecompulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:53–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kurlan R, Como P, Deeley C, McDermott M. A pilot controlled study of fluoxetine for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children with Tourette’s syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993;16:167–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. McDougle D, Fleischmann R, Epperson C, Wasylink S, Leckman J, Price L. Risperidone addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder: three cases. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:526–528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. McDougle C, Goodman W, Leckman J, Lee N, Heninger G, Price L. Haloperidol addition to fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:302–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McDougle C, Goodman W, Leckman J, Barr L, Heninger G, Price L. The efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive compulsive disorder: effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993:13;354–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Koponen H, Lepola U, Leinonen E, Jokinen R, Penttinen J, Turtonen J. Citalopram in the treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder: an open pilot study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;96:343–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Griest J, Jefferson J, Kobak K, Katzelnick D, Serlin R. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Jenike M. Clinical practice obsessive compulsive disorder. New Eng J Med 2004;350:259–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Geller D, Hoog S, Heiligensten J, et al. Fluoxetine Pediatric OCD Study Team. Fluoxetine treatment for obsessivecompulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Amer Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:773–770.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. March J, Biederman J, Wolkow R, et al. Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:1752–1756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Geller D, Biederman J, Stewart S, et al. Which SSRI? A metanalysis of pharmacotherapy trials in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1919–1928.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Summary Minutes of the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting February 2, 2004. Available at http://www.fda.gov.ohrms.docket/ac/04/minutes/4006MI/finalpdf.

  78. Erenshefsky L, Riesenman C, Lam Y. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor drug interactions and the cytochrome P450 system. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Denys D, van Megen H, van der Wee N, Westenberg H. A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:37–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pato M, Murphy D, DeVane C. Sustained plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and/or norfluoxetine four and eight weeks after fluoxetine discontinutation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:224–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Pato M, Zohar-Kadouch R, Zohar J, Murphy D. Return of symptoms after discontinuation of clomipramine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Amer J Psychology 1988;145:1521–1525.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Scahill L, Vitulano L, Brenner E, Lynch K, King R. Behavioral therapy in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: a pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1996;6:191–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. March J. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for children and adolescents with OCD: a review and recommendations for treatment. J Amer Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:7–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Foa E, Steketee G, Grayson J, Turner R, Latimer P. Deliberate exposure and blocking of obsessive-compulsive rituals: immediate long-term effects. Behav Ther 1984;15:450–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Cottraux J, Mollard E, Bouvard M, Marks I. Exposure therapy, fluvoxamine, or combination treatment in obsessivecompulsive disorder: one year follow-up. Psychiatry Res 1993;49:63–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Himle J, Fischer D, Van Etten M, Janeck A, Hanna G. Group behavioral therapy for adolescents with tic-related and nontic related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2003;17:73–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Piacentini J, Chang S. Behavioral treatments for Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: state of the art. Adv Neurol 2001;85:319–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Greenberg B, Price L, Rauch S, et al. Neurosurgery for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: critical issues. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2003;14:199–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Cosgrove G, Rausch S. Sterotacti cingulatomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2003;14:225–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Baer L, Rauch S, Ballantine H, et al. Cingulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:384–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mindus P, Jenike M. Neurousurgical treatments of malignant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992;15:921–938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kurlan R, Kersun J, Ballantine H, Caine E. Neurosurgical treatment of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with Tourette’s syndrome. Mov Disord 1990;5:152–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Greenberg B. Update on deep brain stimulation. J ECT 2002;18:193–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Still G. The Coulstonian lectures on some abnormal physical conditions in children. Lecture 1. Lancet 1902;i:1008–1012.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Ebaugh F. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of acute epidemic encephalitis in children. Am J Dis Child 1923;25:89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Barkley R. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Walkup J, Khan S, Schuerholz L, Paik, Y, Leckman, J, Schultz R. Phenomenology and natural history of tic-related ADHD and learning disabilities. In: Leckman J, Cohen D, eds. Tourette’s Syndrome: Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions. Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. New York: Wiley; 1990:63.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Leckman J. Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Brain Dev 2003;25:S24–S28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Biederman J, Faraone S, Spencer T, et al. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1792–1798.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Faraone S, Biederman J. Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder familial? Harv Rev Psychiatry 1994;1:271–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Pauls D, Leckman J, Cohen D. Familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, speech disorders, and stuttering. J Amer Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:1044–1050.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Stokes A, Bawden H, Camfield P, Backman J, Dooley M. Peer problems in Tourette’s disorder. Pediatrics 1991;87:936–942.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Yeates K, Bornstein R. Attention deficit disorder and neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette’s syndrome. Neuropsychology 1994;8:65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Spencer T, Biederman J, Harding M, et al. Disentangling the overlap between Tourette’s disorder and ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998;39:1037–1044.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Sukhodolsky D, Scahill L, Zhang H, et al. Disruptive behavior in children with Tourette’s syndrome: association with ADHD comorbidityt severity, and functional impairment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42:98–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Bauermeister J, Canino G, Bird H. Epidemiology of disruptive behavior disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1994;3:177–194.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Jensen P, Kettle L, Roper M, et al. Are stimulants over-prescribed? Treatment of ADHD in four US communities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:797–804.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Goldman L, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. JAMA 1998;279:1100–1107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Walkup et al. 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Castellanos F. Toward a pathophysiology of attention defict/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pediatr 1997;36:381–393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Zametkin A, Nordahl T, Gross M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N Eng J Med 1990;323:1361–1366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ernst M, Zametkin A, Matochik J, Jons P, Cohen R. DOPA decarboxylase activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults. A (fluorine-18) fluordopa positron emission tomographic study. J Neurosci 1998;18:5901–5907.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Dougherty D, Bonab A, Spender T, Rausch S, Madreas B, Fischman A. Dopamine transporter density is elevated in patients with ADHD. Lancet 1999;354:2132–2133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:564–577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S, et al. A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:437–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, et al. Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2000;10:157–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Wilens T, Faraone S, Biederman J, Gunawardene S. Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics 2003;111:179–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Abwender D, Como P, Kurlan R, et al. School problems in Tourette’s syndrome. Arch Neurol 1996;53:509–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Erenberg G, Cruse R, Rothner A. Tourette syndrome: an analysis of 200 pediatric and adolescent cases. Cleve Clin Q 1986;53:127–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Harding M, O’Donnell D, Griffin S. Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifecycle: a literature review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:409–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Swanson J, Kramer H, Hinshaw S, et al. Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:168–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Biederman J. Practical considerations in stimulant drug selection for the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder patient—efficacy, potency and titration. Today’s Therapeutic Trends 2002;20:311–328.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Greenhill L. Efficacy and safety of OROS methylphenidate in adolescents with ADHD. resented at the 49th annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, October 22–27, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  124. West S, Johnson D, Wigal S, Zeldis J. Withdrawal trial of dex-methylphenidate HCL Focalin in children with ADHD. NR341. Presented at the 155th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, May 22, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Biederman J, Lopez F, Boellner S, Chandler M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study of SL1381 (Adderall XR) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2002;110:258–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Sverd J, Gadow K, Paolicelli L. Methylphenidate treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys with Tourette’s syndrone. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:574–579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gadow K, Nolan E, Sverd J. Methylphenidate in hyperactive boys with comorbid tic disorder 1. Short-term behavioral effects in school setting. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:462–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. The Tourette’s Syndrome Study Group Treatment of ADHD in children with tics. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2002;58:527–536.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Castellanos F. Stimulants and tic disorders: from dogma to data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:337–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Spencer T, Biederman J, Coffey B, et al. A double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorder and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:649–656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Wernicke J, Kratochvil D, Milton D, et al. Long-term safety of Atomoxetine in children and adolescents with ADHD. NR338. Presented at the 155th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, May 22, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  132. McCracken J, Sallee R, Leonard H, et al. Improvement of ADHD by Atomoxetine in Children with Tic Disorders. Paper presented at the 50th annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Miami FL, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Chappell P, Riddle M, Scahill L, et al. Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette’s syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. J Amer Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1140–1146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Hunt R, Capper L, O’Connell P. Clonidine in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1990;I:87–102.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Biederman R, Swanson J, Lopez F. Modafinil improves ADHD symptoms in children in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Scientific and Clinical Report Session 12, No 36. Presentation at the 156th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Francisco, May 17–22, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Spencer T, Biederman J, Steingard R, Wilens T. Buproprion exacerbates tics in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette Syndrome. J Amer Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:211–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Budman, C., Kurlan, R. (2006). Tourette’s Syndrome. In: Jests, D.V., Friedman, J.H. (eds) Psychiatry for Neurologists. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-960-8_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-960-8_17

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-483-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-960-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics