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Frontiers in Cancer Research pp 195–215Cite as

Mismatches with Our Ancestral Environments and Cancer Risk

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Abstract

In this chapter, we explore whether the mismatch between current lifestyle exposures and those of our ancestral, Neolithic environments substantially escalates an intrinsic risk of cancer. We present data that supports the mismatch concept for the common cancers (skin, breast and prostate) of modern or affluent societies as well as for the cancers in less developed societies. We discuss the open questions in this area, focusing on the constraints and trade-offs underlying cancer susceptibility. Then, we note a number of obstacles to making progress in this area and how those might be overcome. We conclude by suggesting several fruitful directions for future research.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been partially supported by the Sir John Templeton Foundation, National Institutes of Health (R01 CA170595), the Department of Psychology at Arizona State University, the Center for Evolution and Cancer at UCSF and the Centre for Evolution and Cancer at the Institute of Cancer Research, London.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

    Mel Greaves

  2. Center for Evolution and Cancer, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA

    C. Athena Aktipis

  3. Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    C. Athena Aktipis

  4. Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    C. Athena Aktipis

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  1. Mel Greaves
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Correspondence to C. Athena Aktipis .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

    Carlo C. Maley

  2. Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

    Mel Greaves

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Greaves, M., Aktipis, C.A. (2016). Mismatches with Our Ancestral Environments and Cancer Risk. In: Maley, C., Greaves, M. (eds) Frontiers in Cancer Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6460-4_10

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