Abstract
The precipitation and deposition of mineral scales on heat exchangers resulting from dissolved ions is a common problem in the use of water for industrial processes such as coooling, boiler, desalination, geothermal, secondary oil recovery utilizing water flooding techniques, and clothing washing machines. The scales consist primarily of phosphates, sulfates, carbonates, and silicates of alkaline earth metal, particularly calcium and magnesium. The insulating nature of scales on heat exchanger surfaces results in lost heat transfer efficiency and tube failures.1 The major cause of RO system failures is membrane fouling by mineral scales and suspended matter, which results from the accumulation of foulants on the surfaces of semipermeable membranes. The effects of fouling in RO system can lead to membrane replacement, loss in production, poor quality, and reduced quantity of produced water.2
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Amjad, Z. (1998). Development of Calcium Phosphate Inhibitng Polymers for Cooling Water Applications. In: Amjad, Z. (eds) Calcium Phosphates in Biological and Industrial Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5517-9_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5517-9_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
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